Method for evaluation of developmental toxicity

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a method for assessing embryotoxicity of a chemical comprising: (1) a first step of measuring the expression level of one or more genes selected from among genes each comprising any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 and 101 to 230 and orthologous genes thereof in a sample from a non-human mammal or mammalian cell which has come into contact with a test chemical; and (2) a second step of comparing the measured value of the expression level of the gene in the sample obtained in the first step with a control value of the expression level of the gene and based on the difference assessing the level of the embryotoxicity of the test chemical in the sample; and so on.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a method for assessing embryotoxicity of chemicals, and so on.

BACKGROUND ART

In order to assess safety in human of such chemicals as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, cosmetics and industrial products, many toxicity tests using non-human animals are typically conducted. Toxicities to reproductive ability and to development of unborn child and newborn are included in toxicity collectively referred to as reproductive and developmental toxicity, and it is required to conduct tests for these toxicities for production and distribution of pharmaceuticals, pesticides and other chemicals. As an example of developmental toxicity test, referred to as a teratogenicity test is a test in which a chemical is administered to a non-human mammal during its pregnancy followed by examining the fetus of the mammal for presence and extent of morphological defect, and in general, developmental toxicity of a chemical is evaluated by administering the chemical for a certain period to a pregnant female of a non-human animal such as rat, mouse, rabbit or simian and closely observing the external form, internal organs and skeleton of the fetus of the animal.

However, the developmental toxicity test using non-human animals requires a lot of time and cost, such as those for breeding of animals. Therefore, developed as simplified methods for embryotoxicity testing using mammalian cells or tissue have been a testing method using mouse embryonic stem cells (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as ES cells) (EST: Embryonic Stem cell Test) (H. Spielmann, I. Pohl, B. Doring, M. Liebsch, F. Moldenhauer, In vitro toxicology, 10(1), p 119-127, 1997, E. Genschow, H. Spielmann, G. Scholz, I. Pohl, A. Seiler, N. Clemann, S. Bremer, K. Becker, ATLA 32, p 209-244, 2004), micromass culture using rat embryo limb buds and whole-embryo culture using an early rat embryo (E. Genschow, H. Spielmann, G. Scholz, A. Seiler, N. Brown, A. Piersma, M. Brady, N. Clemann, H. Huuskonen, F. Paillard, S. Bremer, K. Becker, ATLA 30, p 151-176, 2002), and so on, however, reliability on accuracy has not been established in any method.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The object of the present invention is to provide a simple and versatile testing method for embryotoxicity of chemicals.

The present invention provides:

[Invention 1]

a method for assessing embryotoxicity of a chemical comprising:

(1) a first step of measuring the expression level of one or more genes selected from among genes each comprising any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 and 101 to 230 and orthologous genes thereof in a sample from a non-human mammal or mammalian cell which has come into contact with a test chemical; and

(2) a second step of comparing the measured value of the expression level of the gene in the sample obtained in the first step with a control value of the expression level of the gene and based on the difference assessing the level of the embryotoxicity of the test chemical in the sample;

[Invention 2]

the method according to Invention 1, wherein the sample is a stem cell, an embryonic stem cell, a cardiac tissue cell, a brain tissue cell, a neural tissue cell, a muscle tissue cell, a skeletal tissue cell, a pregnant non-human animal or a non-human unborn child;

[Invention 3]

the method according to Invention 1 or 2, wherein measuring the expression level of the gene is couducted by measuring the amount of transcription product or the amount of translation product;

[Invention 4]

the method according to anyone of Inventions 1 to 3, wherein the control value of the expression level of the gene is a measured value for the expression level of the gene in a sample from a non-human mammal or mammalian cell which has not come into contact with the test chemical;

[Invention 5]

a method for screening a chemical having embryotoxicity comprising a step of selecting a chemical having a specified level of embryotoxicity based on the level of the embryotoxicity of a chemical assessed by the method of any one of Inventions 1 to 4;

[Invention 6]

a method for obtaining a marker gene for assessing embryotoxicity of a chemical comprising:

(1) a step A of measuring the expression level of a gene comprising any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 and 101 to 230 in a specific tissue cell that has come into contact with a test chemical during differentiation of a stem cell into the tissue cell;

(2) a step B of comparing the measured value of the expression level of the gene in the step A with a control value of the expression level of the gene and based on the difference, identifying another gene which shows alteration in the expression level specific to a contact with the test chemical; and

(3) a step C of obtaining the gene identified in the step B;

[Invention 7]

a method for obtaining a marker gene for assessing embryotoxicity of a chemical comprising:

(1) a step A of measuring alteration during differentiation in the expression of a gene that comprises any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 and 101 to 230 during differentiation of a stem cell into a specific tissue cell and identifying a gene with altered expression;

(2) a step B of measuring the expression level of the gene identified in the step A in the tissue cell which has come into contact with a test chemical; and

(3) a step C of comparing the measured value of the expression level of the gene in the step B with a control value of the expression level of the gene and based on the difference, identifying and obtaining another gene that shows alteration specific to the test chemical;

[Invention 8]

a method for using one or more genes selected from among genes each comprising any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 and 101 to 230 and orthologous genes thereof as a marker gene for assessing embryotoxicity of a chemical in the method of Invention 1;

[Invention 9]

the method according to anyone of Inventions 1 to 8, wherein the gene is Hand1 gene, ADAM19 gene, Cmya1 gene, Pitx2 gene, Smyd1 gene, Pim2 gene, Tbx20 gene, Myl4 gene, Myl7 gene, Hbb-bh1 gene, Hba-a1 gene, Col1a2 gene, Hba-x gene, Basp1 gene, Cpe gene, DDR1 gene, Marcks gene, NDN gene, Nnat gene, Ptbp2 gene, Sfrp gene, Sox11 gene, Ttc3 gene, Tubb2b gene, Ubqln2 gene, Vim gene, Six3 gene, Arx gene, Dcx gene, L1cam gene, Emx2 gene, Wnt1 gene, Reln gene, or Pax6 gene;

[Invention 10]

the method according to Invention 1 to 5, wherein the expression level of the gene is measured using as an indicator the expression level of a reporter gene that comprises a promoter sequence of the gene and a reporter protein coding sequence operably linked to the promoter sequence;

[Invention 11]

a nucleic acid construct comprising a reporter gene that comprises a promoter sequence of the gene defined in Invention 9 and a reporter protein coding sequence operably linked to the promoter sequence;

[Invention 12]

a vector comprising the nucleic acid construct of Invention 11;

[Invention 13]

a transformant in which the nucleic acid construct of Invention 11 or the vector of Invention 12 has been introduced into a host cell;

[Invention 14]

the transformant according to Invention 13, wherein the host cell is an animal cell;

[Invention 15]

the transformant according to Invention 13, wherein the host cell is a stem cell;

[Invention 16]

the transformant according to Invention 13, wherein the host cell is an embryonic stem cell;

[Invention 17]

a method for producing a transformant comprising introducing the nucleic acid construct of Invention 11 or the vector of Invention 12 into a host cell;

[Invention 18]

use of the transformant of Inventions 13 to 16 for the method for assessing embryotoxicity of a chemical;

[Invention 19]

a genetically-modified non-human animal in which the nucleic acid construct of Invention 11 or the vector of Invention 12 has been introduced; and

[Invention 20]

use of the genetically-modified non-human animal of Invention 19 for the method for assessing embryotoxicity of a chemical;

and so on.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 to 13 are drawings showing expression levels of marker genes for assessing embryotoxicity as relative expression levels, the expression levels being quantitated by using real-time PCR method for a solvent control group, groups treated with embryotoxic chemicals (5-fluorouracil, hydroxyurea and 6-aminonicotinamide) and groups treated with non-embryotoxic chemicals (saccharin sodium hydrate, ascorbic acid and isoniazid).

FIGS. 14 to 26 are drawings showing expression levels of marker genes for assessing embryotoxicity as relative expression levels, the expression levels being quantitated by using real-time PCR method for a solvent control group, groups treated with embryotoxic chemicals (5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine, methotrexate and all-trans-retinoic acid) and groups treated with non-embryotoxic chemicals (penicillin G sodium salt, acrylamide and D-(+)-camphor).

FIG. 27 is a drawing showing the result of serial measurement by using real-time PCR method of the expression level of endogenous Hand1 gene after induction of differentiation.

FIG. 28 is a drawing showing the result of serial measurement of the luciferase activity of Hand1-ES cells after induction of differentiation.

FIG. 29 is a drawing showing the result of serial measurement by using real-time PCR method of the expression level of endogenous Smyd1 gene after induction of differentiation.

FIG. 30 is a drawing showing the result of serial measurement of the luciferase activity of Smyd1-ES cells after induction of differentiation.

FIGS. 31 to 51 are drawings showing expression levels of marker genes for assessing embryotoxicity as relative expression levels, the expression levels being quantitated by using real-time PCR method for a solvent control group, groups treated with embryotoxic chemicals (5-fluorouracil, hydroxyurea and methotrexate) and groups treated with non-embryotoxic chemicals (saccharin sodium hydrate, ascorbic acid, isoniazid, penicillin G sodium salt, acrylamide and D-(+)-camphor).

FIG. 52 is a drawing showing as a relative value to the solvent control the result of testing the effects on the reporter activity in Hand1-ES cells and the proliferation of 3T3 cells for 5-fluorouracil that is an embryotoxic chemical.

FIG. 53 is a drawing showing as a relative value to the solvent control the result of testing the effects on the reporter activity in Hand1-ES cells and the proliferation of 3T3 cells for dexamethasone that is an embryotoxic chemical.

FIG. 54 is a drawing showing as a relative value to the solvent control the result of testing the effects on the reporter activity in Hand1-ES cells and the proliferation of 3T3 cells for hydroxyurea that is an embryotoxic chemical.

FIG. 55 is a drawing showing as a relative value to the solvent control the result of testing the effects on the reporter activity in Hand1-ES cells and the proliferation of 3T3 cells for 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine that is an embryotoxic chemical.

FIG. 56 is a drawing showing as a relative value to the solvent control the result of testing the effects on the reporter activity in Hand1-ES cells and the proliferation of 3T3 cells for ascorbic acid that is an embryotoxic chemical.

FIG. 57 is a drawing showing as a relative value to the solvent control the result of testing the effects on the reporter activity in Hand1-ES cells and the proliferation of 3T3 cells for acrylamide that is a non-embryotoxic chemical.

MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

The method for assessing embryotoxicity of a chemical according to the present invention comprises:

(1) a first step of measuring the expression level of one or more genes selected from among genes each comprising any of the nucleotide sequences shown below and orthologous genes thereof in a sample from a non-human mammal or mammalian cell which has come into contact with a test chemical; and

(2) a second step of comparing the measured value of the expression level of the gene in the sample obtained in the first step with a control value of the expression level of the gene and based on the difference assessing the level of the embryotoxicity of the test chemical in the sample:

(1) the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1,

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(229) the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 229, and

(230) the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 230.

As used herein, “chemical” refers to a chemical for which the presence or absence of embryotoxicity has been reported with data of animal test and epidemiological data on human, and a chemical for which embryotoxicity is unknown. Specifically, known as the chemical for which embryotoxicity is known are 5-fluorouracil, hydroxyurea, 6-aminonicotinamide, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine, methotrexate, all-trans-retinoic acid, phenytonin, varpoic acid, phenobarbital Na, thalidomide, ribavirin, cyclophosphamide, leflunomide, warfarin, sulfadimetcin, 6-mercaptopurine, aspirin, acetazolamide, cyclizine HCl, estrogene, testosterone, lead acetate, arsenic, retinol, toluene, aminopterine, azathiopurine, captafol, methadone, acutane, and so on, and those are described in NTP abstract published by U.S. NTP (National Toxicology Program). These descriptions are incorporated in the present invention by reference.

As used herein, “embryotoxicity” is a collective term of harmful effects causing adverse effects and abnormalities on fertilization and the development (generation) of unborn child relating to conception, and also includes teratogenicity or teratogeny causing malformation to a fetus. The adverse effects and abnormalities caused by developmental toxicity specifically includes, but are not limited to, congenital anomalies showing macroscopic morphological or functional abnormalities such as growth retardation or impairment of function or intelligence, and fetal death during fetal life.

As used herein, “non-human mammal” includes a mammal species used in toxicological tests, pharmacological tests, and so on. For example, mammals such as rat, mouse, simian, canine, rabbit, hamster and guinea pig are known, but are not limited thereto.

As used herein, examples of “mammalian cell” include a cell of mammals such as human, rat, mouse, simian, canine, rabbit, hamster and guinea pig.

As used herein, “sample” includes a stem cell, an embryonic stem cell, a cardiac tissue cell, a brain tissue cell, a neural tissue cell, a muscle tissue cell, a skeletal tissue cell, a pregnant non-human animal and a non-human unborn child.

As used herein, “stem cell” refers to a cell that retains the same differentiation capacity even going through cell division, and when a tissue is damaged, the cell can regenerate the tissue. Stem cells used herein may be, but are not limited to, embryonic stem cells or tissue stem cells (also called tissular stem cells, tissue-specific stem cells, or somatic stem cells) or induced pluripotent stem cell cells (iPS cells).

As used herein, “embryonic stem cell (ES cell)” refers to a stem cell capable of self replication and having multipotency (i.e. “pluripotency”) and refers to pluripotent stem cells derived from early embryos. An embryonic stem cell was first established in 1981, which has also been applied to production of knockout mice since 1989. In 1998, a human embryonic stem cell was established, which is becoming also available for regenerative medicine. Unlike embryonic stem cells, tissue stem cells have a limited differentiation direction, are present at particular locations in tissues and have an undifferentiated intracellular structure. Therefore, tissue stem cells have a low level of pluripotency. Tissue stem cells have a high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio and have few intracellular organelles. Tissue stem cells generally have multipotency and a late cell cycle, and retain proliferative ability beyond the life of the individual. An induced pluripotent stem cell is a cell obtained by directly initializing differentiated cells such as fibroblasts by the expression of several types of genes such as Oct3/4, sox2, klf4, and myc to induce multipotency and has been established by Yamanaka, et al. with mouse cells in 2006 (Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Cell. 2006, 126(4), p 663-676). In 2007, induced pluripotent stem cells have been established also for human fibroblasts and have multipotency as well as embryonic stem cells (Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, Yamanaka S. Cell. 2007, 131(5), p 861-872., Yu J, Vodyanik M A, Smuga-Otto K, Antosiewicz-Bourget J, Frane J L, Tian S, Nie J, Jonsdottir G A, Ruotti V, Stewart R, Slukvin I I, Thomson J A., Science. 2007, 318 (5858), p 1917-1920., Nakagawa M, Koyanagi M, Tanabe K, Takahashi K, Ichisaka T, Aoi T, Okita K, Mochiduki Y, Takizawa N, Yamanaka S. Nat Biotechnol., 2008, 26(1), p 101-106). As used herein, stem cells may be preferably embryonic stem cells, and tissue stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells may be also employed, depending on the circumstance.

As used herein, “gene” refers to an element defining a genetic trait. A gene is typically arranged in a given sequence on a chromosome. A region which the primary structure of a protein is called a structural gene, and a region which regulates the expression of a structural gene is called a regulatory gene (e.g., “promoter”). As used herein, “gene” may refer to “polynucleotide,” “oligonucleotide,” or “nucleic acid.” As used herein, the terms “polynucleotide,” “oligonucleotide,” and “nucleic acid” are used interchangeably to refer to a polymer of nucleotides of any length.

As used herein, “expression of a gene” includes expressions of polynucleotide, oligonucleotide, and nucleic acid and/or protein, polypeptide, oligopeptide and peptide, which are expressed depending on a gene. As used herein, the terms “protein,” “polypeptide,” “oligopeptide,” and “peptide” are used interchangeably to refer to a polymer of amino acids of any length. This polymer may be a straight, branched or cyclic chain. An amino acid may be a naturally-occurring or non naturally-occurring amino acid, or an altered amino acid.

As used herein, examples of the method for “measuring the expression level of a gene” include, in a cell and the like of interest, a method for measuring the amount of transcription product or amount of translated product of a gene and the like. Examples of the method for measuring the amount of transcription product of a gene include a method for measuring the expression level of mRNA, any appropriate methods including molecular biological measurement methods, specifically, such as Northern blotting method, dot blotting method, PCR method, and real-time PCR method. The method for measuring the amount of translated product of a gene includes a method for measuring the expression level of polypeptide encoded by the gene, any appropriate methods including immunological measurement methods, specifically, such as ELISA method, RIA method, fluorescent antibody method, Western blotting method, and immunohistological staining method. Also, expression variation of a gene means that the expression level in mRNA level or polypeptide level evaluated by any appropriate method including typical molecular biological measurement methods or immunological measurement methods increases or decreases.

The expression level of a gene can be also measured using as an indicator the expression level of a reporter gene containing a promoter sequence of the gene and a reporter protein coding sequence operably linked to the promoter sequence.

Examples of the molecular biological measurement method include Northern blotting method, dot blotting method, PCR method, and the like. Examples of the immunological measurement method include, as a method, ELISA method, RIA method, fluorescent antibody method, Western blotting method, immunohistological staining method, and the like. Furthermore, a method for detecting immunohistological staining may be also carried out by the analysis method using flow cytometry or FACS (fluorescence activated cell sorting) exemplified in the literature (A. Seiler, A. Visan, R. Buesen, E. Genschow, H. Spielmann, Reproductive Toxicology 18, p 231-240 (2004)). In addition, measurement may be also carried out by gene analysis methods using arrays (e.g., a DNA array, a protein array). The DNA array is widely reviewed in Saibo-Kogaku [Cell Engineering], special issue, “DNA Microarray and Up-to-date PCR Method,” edited by Shujun-sha. The protein array is described in detail in Nat. Genet. 2002 December; 32 Suppl: 526-32. In addition to the above-described techniques, the measurement methods include, but are not limited to, RT-PCR, RACE method, SSCP method, immunoprecipitation method, two-hybrid system, in vitro translation, and the like. Other analysis methods are described in, for example, Genome Analysis Experimental Method, Yusuke Nakamura's Lab-Manual, edited by Yusuke Nakamura, Yodo-sha (2002), and the like. All of the above-described publications are herein incorporated by reference.

In the first step of the assessing method of the present invention, measured according to the above-described techniques is the expression level of one or more genes selected from among genes each comprising any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 and 101 to 230 and orthologous genes thereof (hereinafter, sometimes collectively referred to as the present gene) in a sample derived from a non-human mammal or mammalian cell which has come into contact with the chemical.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 and 101 to 230 are the nucleotide sequence of Hand1 gene, ADAM19 gene, Cmya1 gene, Pitx2 gene, Smyd1 gene, Pim2 gene, Tbx20 gene, Myl4 gene, Myl7 gene, Hbb-bh1 gene, Hba-a1 gene, Col1a2 gene, Hba-x gene, Basp1 gene, Cpe gene, DDR1 gene, Marcks gene, NDN gene, Nnat gene, Ptbp2 gene, Sfrp gene, Sox11 gene, Ttc3 gene, Tubb2b gene, Ubqln2 gene, Vim gene, Six3 gene, Arx gene, Dcx gene, L1cam gene, Emx2 gene, Wnt1 gene, Reln gene, or Pax6 gene, and are the sequences of the genes of various animal species such as mouse, human, simian, rat, and canine. The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 and 101 to 230 are the nucleotide sequences registered in NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), and these are available from NCBI Web page (URL; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) by searching a database based on gene name or partial sequence.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 5 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of hand1 genes of mouse, human, chimpanzee, canine, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 6 to 14 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of ADAM19 genes of mouse, human isoform 1 and isoform 2, 4 types of chimpanzee, canine, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 15 to 18 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Cmya1 genes of mouse, human, canine, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 19 to 35 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Pitx2 genes of mouse isoforms c, a, and b; human isoforms c, b, and a; 6 types of chimpanzee; 3 types of canine; and rat isoforms 1 and 2.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 36 to 40 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Smyd1 genes of mouse, human, 2 types of canine, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 41 to 44 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Pim2 genes of mouse, human, chimpanzee, and canine.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 45 to 50 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Tbx20 genes of mouse isoforms b and a, chimpanzee, and 3 types of canine.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 51 to 56 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Myl4 genes of mouse, 2 types of human, chimpanzee, and 2 types of canine.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 57 to 60 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Myl7 genes of mouse, human, chimpanzee, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 61 to 65 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length m RNA of Hbb-bh1 genes of mouse, human, chimpanzee, canine, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 66 to 70 encode Hba-a1 gene set forth below and are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Hba-a1 genes of mouse; human isoforms α2 and α1; and rat isoforms α1 and α2.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 71 to 75 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Col1a2 genes of mouse, human, chimpanzee, canine, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 76 to 78 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Hba-x genes of mouse, human, and chimpanzee.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 101 to 106 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of basp1 genes of human, chimpanzee, canine, bovine, mouse, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 107 to 110 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Cpe genes of human, chimpanzee, canine, and mouse.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 111 to 119 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Ddr1 genes of human isoform b, isoform a, and isoform c; chimpanzee; canine; bovine; mouse isoform 1 and isoform 2; and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 120 to 125 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Marcks genes of human, chimpanzee, canine, bovine, mouse, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 126 to 131 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Ndn genes of human, chimpanzee, canine, bovine, mouse, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 132 to 139 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Nnat genes of human isoform a and isoform b; chimpanzee; canine; mouse isoform a and isoform b; and rat isoform a and isoform b.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 140 to 145 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Ptbp2 genes of human, chimpanzee, canine, bovine, mouse, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 146 to 151 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Sfrp2 genes of human, chimpanzee, canine, bovine, mouse, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 152 to 155 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Sox11 genes of human, bovine, mouse, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 156 to 162 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Ttc3 genes of 2 types of human, chimpanzee, canine, bovine, mouse, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 163 to 167 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Tubb2b genes of mouse, human, chimpanzee, canine, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 168 to 173 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Ubqln2 genes of mouse, human, chimpanzee, canine, bovine, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 174 to 179 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Vim genes of human, chimpanzee, canine, bovine, mouse, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 180 to 184 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Six3 genes of human, chimpanzee, bovine, mouse, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 185 to 188 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Arx genes of human, canine, mouse, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 189 to 199 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Dcx genes of human isoform a, isoform c, isoform b and isoform c, chimpanzee, canine, 2 types of mouse isoforms a, mouse isoform b and isoform c, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 200 to 206 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of L1cam genes of human isoform 1 and isoform 2, chimpanzee, canine, bovine, mouse, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 207 to 212 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Emx2 genes of human, chimpanzee, canine, bovine, mouse, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 213 to 218 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Wnt1 genes of human, chimpanzee, canine, bovine, mouse, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 219 to 225 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Reln genes of human isoform a and isoform b, chimpanzee, canine, bovine, mouse, and rat.

The nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 226 to 230 are the nucleotide sequences encoding each of the full-length mRNA of Pax6 genes of mouse, 2 types of human isoforms a and human isoform b, and rat.

The orthologs of a gene that comprises any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 and 101 to 230 include a gene having a nucleotide sequence in which deletion, substitution or addition of a nucleotide has occurred in the nucleotide sequence by a naturally occurring mutation due to a difference in organism species, a difference between individuals, or a difference between organs or tissues, or the like.

In the second step of the assessing method of the present invention, the measured value of the expression level of the present gene in the sample obtained in the first step is compared with a control value of the expression level of the present gene, and based on the difference, the level of the embryotoxicity of the test chemical in the sample is assessed.

Examples of “control value of the expression level of a gene” include a measured value for the expression level of the present gene in a sample derived from a non-human mammal or mammalian cell which has not come into contact with a test chemical. The control value may be obtained in parallel with the expression level of the gene in a sample derived from a non-human mammal or mammalian cell which has come into contact with a test chemical, or may be separately obtained. For example, using a measured value for the expression level of the present gene in a sample derived from a non-human mammal or mammalian cell which has not come into contact with a test chemical as a control value, when a measured value for the expression level of the present gene in a sample derived from a non-human mammal or mammalian cell which has come into contact with a test chemical is significantly different from the control value, the chemical can be assessed to have embryotoxicity.

Specifically, for example, in a case where a test chemical has embryotoxicity, using a measured value for the expression level of the genes having the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 or orthologous genes thereof in myocardiac cells derived from ES cells which have not come into contact with the chemical as a control value, at or below the concentration that does not show inhibition of cell proliferation, when a measured value for the expression level of the genes having the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 or orthologous genes thereof in myocardiac cells derived from ES cells which have come into contact with the chemical is lower than the control value, the chemical can be assessed to have embryotoxicity. Alternatively, as an index of the effects of a test chemical on a mother animal, the 50% inhibitory concentration for cell growth (IC₅₀) is measured using differentiated cells such as balb/c 3T3, and as an index of the effects of the test chemical on an unborn child, the 50% inhibitory concentration for differentiation (ID₅₀) is obtained from the measured value of the expression level of the genes having the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 or orthologous genes thereof during myocardial differentiation of ES cells which has come into contact with the chemical and ES cells which have not come into contact with the chemical. When the chemical has ID₅₀<IC₅₀, the chemical is considered to have stronger effect on an unborn child as compared to on a mother animal and is assessed to have embryotoxicity.

Also, for example, in a case where a test chemical has embryotoxicity, using a measured value for the expression level of the genes having the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 101 to 230 or orthologous genes thereof in neural cells derived from ES cells which have not come into contact with the chemical as a control value, at or below the concentration that does not show inhibition of cell proliferation, when a measured value for the expression level of the genes having the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 101 to 230 or orthologous genes thereof in neural cells derived from ES cells which have come into contact with the chemical is lower than the control value, the chemical can be assessed to have embryotoxicity. Alternatively, as an index of the effects of a test chemical on a mother animal, the 50% inhibitory concentration for cell growth (IC₅₀) is measured using differentiated cells such as balb/c 3T3, and as an index of the effects of the test chemical on an unborn child, the 50% inhibitory concentration for differentiation (ID₅₀) is obtained from the measured value of the expression level of the genes having the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 101 to 230 or orthologous genes thereof during neural differentiation of ES cells which has come into contact with the chemical and ES cells which have not come into contact with the chemical. When the chemical has ID₅₀<IC₅₀, the chemical is considered to have stronger effect on an unborn child as compared to on a mother animal and is assessed to have embryotoxicity.

Based on the level of the embryotoxicity of the chemical assessed according to the method of the present invention, a chemical having a specific level of embryotoxicity can be selected, and a chemical having embryotoxicity can be screened. Specifically, for example, using a measured value for the expression level of the genes having the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 or orthologous genes thereof in myocardiac cells derived from ES cells which have not come into contact with a specific chemical as a control value, at or below the concentration that does not show inhibition of cell proliferation, when a measured value for the expression level of the genes having the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 or orthologous genes thereof in myocardiac cells derived from ES cells which have come into contact with the specific chemical is lower than the control value, it is revealed that the specific chemical is a chemical having embryotoxicity. Alternatively, as an index of the effects of a test chemical on a mother animal, the 50% inhibitory concentration for cell growth (IC₅₀) is measured using differentiated cells such as balb/c 3T3, and as an index of the effects of the test chemical on an unborn child, the 50% inhibitory concentration for differentiation (ID₅₀) is obtained from the measured value of the expression level of the genes having the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 or orthologous genes thereof during myocardial differentiation of ES cells which has come into contact with the chemical and ES cells which have not come into contact with the chemical. When the chemical has ID₅₀<IC₅₀, the chemical is considered to have stronger effect on an unborn child as compared to on a mother animal and it is revealed that the chemical has embryotoxicity.

Also, for example, using a measured value for the expression level of the genes having the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 101 to 230 or orthologous genes thereof in neural cells derived from ES cells which have not come into contact with a specific chemical as a control value, at or below the concentration that does not show inhibition of cell proliferation, when a measured value for the expression level of the genes having the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 101 to 230 or orthologous genes thereof in neural cells derived from ES cells which have come into contact with the specific chemical is lower than the control value, it is revealed that the specific chemical is a chemical having embryotoxicity. Alternatively, as an index of the effects of a test chemical on a mother animal, the 50% inhibitory concentration for cell growth (IC₅₀) is measured using differentiated cells such as balb/c 3T3, and as an index of the effects of the test chemical on an unborn child, the 50% inhibitory concentration for differentiation (ID₅₀) is obtained from the measured value of the expression level of the genes having the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 101 to 230 or orthologous genes thereof during neural differentiation of ES cells which has come into contact with the chemical and ES cells which have not come into contact with the chemical. When the chemical has ID₅₀<IC₅₀, the chemical is considered to have stronger effect on an unborn child as compared to on a mother animal and it is revealed that the chemical has embryotoxicity.

It is possible to use one or more genes selected from among genes each comprising any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 and 101 to 230 or orthologous genes thereof as a marker gene for assessing embryotoxicity of a chemical.

As used herein, “cardiac tissue cell” refers to a tissue cell that forms the heart and is a tissue or cell including cardiomyocyte, valve, vessel, ventricle and atrium. A cardiac tissue cell functionally refers to a tissue cell functioning as a pump for circulating blood by rhythmical contractions. The structure of the heart comprises a ventricle that pumps blood out of the heart by contraction, an atrium located upstream of the ventricle that accumulates blood before entering the ventricle and pumps blood to the ventricle, vessels, and valve that prevents backflow of blood. Cardiac muscle comprises cardiomyocytes that involuntarily produce rhythmical contractions and can be also differentiation-induced from stem cells. Examples of a method for identifying a differentiated cardiac muscle can include a method of confirmation with the expression of cardiac muscle myosin light chain Myh6 gene, atrial natriuretic peptide ANP gene, or the like.

As used herein, “brain and neural tissue” refers to nervous system tissue cells including the central nervous system that collectively lies in the midline of the body for the integration of information and the peripheral nervous system that lies outside of the central and is individually recognized as a fiber. The nervous system tissue cells consist of nerve cells (alias: neuron) and neuroglia cells (alias: glial cells). The basic functions of nerve cells are to generate an action potential and transmit information to other cells, when an input stimulus enters a nerve cell. The information is modified by inputting from plural cells to one nerve cell or changing the threshold to generate an action potential. Also, neuroglia cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) are a cell group involved in the maintenance of the nervous system. Nerve cells and glial cells can be also differentiation-induced from stem cells. Examples of a method for identifying a differentiated nerve can include a method of confirmation with the expression of a gene specifically expressing neural cells such as MAP2 gene, GFAP gene, and the like.

As used herein, “muscular and skeletal tissue” contains muscles comprising/forming skeletons such as striated muscles, smooth muscles, and tendons and cells comprising/forming bones such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes. Muscular and skeletal tissue can be also differentiation-induced from stem cells. A method for identifying cells of a differentiated muscular and skeletal tissue can include a method of confirmation with the gene expression such as RunX2 gene and osteoproteogerin gene for osteoblasts and MyoD gene and the like for muscles.

As used herein, “differentiation” refers to the phenomenon where two or more types of cells having qualitative differences in form and/or function occur in a daughter cell population derived from the division of a single cell. Therefore, differentiation also includes the process where population of cells (family tree of cells) derived from cells whose specific feature cannot be originally detected acquire a distinct feature, such as the production of a specific protein, or the like. At present, cell differentiation is generally considered to be the state of a cell in which a specific group of genes in the genome are expressed, and cell differentiation can be identified by searching for intracellular or extracellular agents or conditions which elicit the above-described state of gene expression. Differentiated cells are stable in principle, and particularly in animal cells, differentiation into other types of cells happens only exceptionally.

As used herein, “specific tissue cell” refers to a cell having a specialized function and form, and has no or little pluripotency unlike stem cells. Examples of specific tissue cells include epidermal cells, pancreatic parenchymal cells, pancreatic duct cells, hepatic cells, blood cells, cardiomyocytes, skeletal myocytes, osteoblasts, skeletal myoblasts, neural cells, vascular endothelial cells, pigment cells, smooth myocytes, fat cells, bone cells, chondrocytes, and the like.

“Hand1” gene refers to “heart and neural crest derivatives expressed transcript 1” gene and is sometimes also described as Hxt, Th1, eHAND, Ehand1, and Thing1, other than Hand1. In the database of the National center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse Hand1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)008213.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)032239.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human Hand1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)004821.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)004812.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee Hand1 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)518050.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)518050.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine Hand1 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)546282.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)546282.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat Hand1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)021592.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)067603.1. The nucleotide sequences of Hand1 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 5 of the present application.

“ADAM19” gene refers to “a disintegrin and metallopeptidase domain 19” gene or “meltrin beta” gene and is sometimes also described as M[b], Mltnb, and AL024287. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse ADAM19 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)009616.3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)033746.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform 1 of human ADAM19 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)023038.3, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)075525.2, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform 2 appears under accession number NM_(—)033274.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)150377.1. The nucleotide sequences encoding mRNA of chimpanzee ADAM19 gene appear under accession numbers XM_(—)001137770.1, XM_(—)001137856.1, XM_(—)001137686.1, and XM_(—)001137600.1, and the amino acid sequences encoded by the nucleotide sequences appear under accession numbers XP_(—)001137770.1, XP_(—)001137856.1, XP_(—)001137686.1, and XP_(—)001137600.1, respectively. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine ADAM19 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)546274.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)546274.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat ADAM19 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001069002.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001069002.1. The nucleotide sequences of ADAM19 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 6 to 14 of the present application. In addition, orthologous genes of the above-described genes also appear in the database of NCBI, and for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chicken ADAM19 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)414565.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)414565.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of zebrafish ADAM19 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)688620.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)693712.2.

“Cmya1” gene refers to “xin actin-binding repeat containing 1” gene and is sometimes also described as Xirp1, Xin, mXin, AI415219, MGC144145, and MGC144146. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse cmya1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001081339.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001074808.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human cmya1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)194293.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)919269.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine cmya1 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)846492.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)851585.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat cmya1 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)236702.4 or XM_(—)001077697.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)236702.4 or XP_(—)001077697.1, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of cmya1 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 15 to 18 of the present application.

“Pitx2” gene refers to “paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2” gene and is sometimes also described as Brx1, Ptx2, Rieg, Brx1a, Brx1b, Otlx2, Munc30, Pitx2a, Pitx2b, Pitx2c, solurshin, and 9430085M16Rik. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform c of mouse pitx2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001042502.1, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001035967.1, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform a appears under accession number NM_(—)001042504.1, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001035969.1, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform b appears under accession number NM_(—)011098.3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)035228.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform a of human pitx2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)153427.1, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)700476.1, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform b appears under accession number NM_(—)153426.1, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)700475.1, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform c appears under accession number NM_(—)000325.5, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)000316.2. The nucleotide sequences encoding mRNA of chimpanzee pitx2 gene appear under accession numbers XM_(—)001141151.1, XM_(—)517398.2, XM_(—)001141078.1, XM_(—)001141403.1, XM_(—)001141320.1, and XM_(—)001141234.1, and the amino acid sequences encoded by the nucleotide sequences appear under accession numbers XP_(—)001141151.1, XP_(—)517398.2, XP_(—)001141078.1, XP_(—)001141403.1, XP_(—)001141320.1, and XP_(—)001141234.1, respectively. The nucleotide sequences encoding mRNA of canine pitx2 gene appear under accession numbers XM_(—)858568.1, XM_(—)545025.2, and XM_(—)846277.1, and the amino acid sequences encoded by the nucleotide sequences appear under accession numbers XP_(—)863661.1, XP_(—)545025.2, and XP_(—)851370.1, respectively. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform 1 of rat pitx2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001042505.1, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001035970.1, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform 2 appears under accession number NM_(—)019334.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)062207.1. The nucleotide sequences of pitx2 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 19 to 35 of the present application. In addition, orthologous genes of the above-described genes also appear in the database of NCBI, and for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chicken pitx2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)205010.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)990341.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of zebrafish pitx2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)130975.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)571050.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform a of drosophila pitx2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)170531.3, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)733410.2, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform b appears under accession number NM_(—)176593.1, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)788770.1, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform c appears under accession number NM_(—)206591.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)996314.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of nematode pitx2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001042502.1 or NM_(—)001026106.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001021276.1 or NP_(—)001021277.1, respectively.

“Smyd1” gene refers to “SET and MYND domain containing 1” gene as a formal name and is sometimes also described as Bop, C78565, Zmynd18, and 4632404M21Rik. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse smyd1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)009762.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)033892.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human smyd1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)198274.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)938015.1. The nucleotide sequences encoding mRNA of canine smyd1 gene appear under accession numbers XM_(—)532967.2 and XM_(—)847011.1, and the amino acid sequences encoded by the nucleotide sequences appear under accession numbers XP_(—)532967.1 and XP_(—)852104.1, respectively. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat smyd1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001106595.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001100065.1. The nucleotide sequences of smyd1 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 36 to 40 of the present application. In addition, orthologous genes of the above-described genes also appear in the database of NCBI, and for example, the nucleotide sequences encoding mRNA of rat smyd1 gene appear under accession numbers XM_(—)216172.4 and XM_(—)001062526.1, and the amino acid sequences encoded by the nucleotide sequences appear under accession numbers XP_(—)216172.4 and XP_(—)001062526.1, respectively. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chicken smyd1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)204155.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)989486.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of zebrafish smyd1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001039636.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001034725.1.

“Pim2” gene refers to “proviral integration site 2” gene and is sometimes also described as Pim-2 and DXCch3. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse pim2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)138606.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)613072.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human pim2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)006875.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)006866.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee pim2 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)528972.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)528972.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine pim2 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)548990.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)548990.2. The nucleotide sequences of pim2 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 41 to 44 of the present application. In addition, orthologous genes of the above-described genes also appear in the database of NCBI, and for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of zebrafish pim2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)131539.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)571614.1.

“Tbx20” gene refers to “T-box 20” gene and is sometimes also described as Tbx12, AL022859, and 9430010M06Rik. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse tbx20 gene isoform a appears under accession number NM_(—)194263.1, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)919239.1, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse tbx20 gene isoform b appears under accession number NM_(—)020496.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)065242.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee tbx20 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)522453.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequences appears under accession number XP_(—)522453.2. The nucleotide sequences encoding mRNA of canine tbx20 gene appear under accession numbers XM_(—)539513.2, XM_(—)860427.1 and XM_(—)860408.1, and the amino acid sequences encoded by the nucleotide sequences appear under accession numbers XP_(—)539513.2, XP_(—)865520.1 and XP_(—)865501.1, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of tbx20 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 45 to 50 of the present application. In addition, orthologous genes of the above-described genes also appear in the database of NCBI, and for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chicken tbx20 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)204144.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)989475.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of zebrafish tbx20 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)131506.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)571581.1. Also, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of drosophila tbx20 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)135083.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)608927.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of nematode tbx20 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)061349.4, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)493750.1.

“Myl4” gene refers to “myosin, light polypeptide 4” gene and is sometimes also described as ELC, GT1, ALC1, AMLC, Myla, ELC1a, and MLC1a. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse Myl4 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)010858.4, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)034988.2. The nucleotide sequences encoding mRNA of human myl4 gene appear under accession numbers NM_(—)001002841.1 and NM_(—)002476.2, and the amino acid sequences encoded by the nucleotide sequences appear under accession numbers NP_(—)001002841.1 and NP_(—)002467.1, respectively. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee myl4 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)511623.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)511623.1. The nucleotide sequences encoding mRNA of canine myl4 gene appear under accession numbers XM_(—)537609.2 and XM_(—)854741.1, and the amino acid sequences encoded by the nucleotide sequences appear under accession numbers XP_(—)537609.1 and XP_(—)859834.1, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of myl4 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 51 to 56 of the present application. In addition, orthologous genes of the above-described genes also appear in the database of NCBI, and for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chicken myl4 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)205479.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)990810.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of zebrafish myl4 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)131692.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)571767.1.

“Myl7” gene refers to “myosin, light polypeptide 7, regulatory” gene and is sometimes also described as MLC2a, MYL2A, RLC-A, Mylc2a, and MLC-2alpha. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse myl7 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)022879.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)075017.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human myl7 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)021223.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)067046.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee myl7 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)519549.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)519549.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat myl7 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001106017.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001099487.1. The nucleotide sequences of myl7 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 57 to 60 of the present application. In addition, orthologous genes of the above-described genes also appear in the database of NCBI, and for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat myl7 gene appear under accession numbers XM_(—)214074.4 and XM_(—)001069249.1, and the amino acid sequences encoded by the nucleotide sequences appear under accession numbers XP_(—)214074.4 and XP_(—)001069249.1, respectively. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of zebrafish myl7 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)131329.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)571404.1.

“Hbb-bh1” gene refers to “hemoglobin Z, beta-like embryonic chain” gene and is sometimes also described as betaH1. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse Hbb-bh1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)008219.3 and the amino acid sequence accession number NP_(—)032245.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human Hbb-bh1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)000559.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)000550.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee Hbb-bh1 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001161821.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001161821.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine Hbb-bh1 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)542373.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)542373.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat Hbb-bh1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)172093.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)742090.1. The nucleotide sequences of Hbb-bh1 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 61 to 65 of the present application. In addition, orthologous genes of the above-described genes also appear in the database of NCBI, and for example, the nucleotide sequences encoding mRNA of chimpanzee Hbb-bh1 gene appear under accession numbers NM_(—)001071779.1, XM_(—)001161863.1, XM_(—)001161978.1, XM_(—)001161706.1, XM_(—)001162021.1, XM_(—)001161903.1, XM_(—)001161943.1, XM_(—)001161662.1, XM_(—)001162055.1, XM_(—)508243.2, and XM_(—)001161615.1, and the amino acid sequences encoded by the nucleotide sequences appear under accession numbers NP_(—)001065247.1, XP_(—)001161863.1, XP_(—)001161978.1, XP_(—)001161706.1, XP_(—)001162021.1, XP_(—)001161903.1, XP_(—)001161943.1, XP_(—)001161662.1, XP_(—)001162055.1, XP_(—)508243.1, and XP_(—)001161615.1, respectively. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chicken Hbb-bh1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001031489.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001026660.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of zebrafish Hbb-bh1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001015058.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001015058.1.

“Hba-a1” gene refers to “hemoglobin alpha, adult chain 1” gene and is sometimes also described as Hba1. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse Hba-a1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)008218.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)032244.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform α1 of human Hba-a1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)000558.3, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)000549.1, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform α2 appears under accession number NM_(—)000517.3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)000508.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform α1 of rat Hba-a1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)013096.1, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)037228.1, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform α2 appears under accession number NM_(—)001007722.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001007723.1. The nucleotide sequences of Hba-a1 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 66 to 70 of the present application. In addition, orthologous genes of the above-described genes also appear in the database of NCBI, and for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chicken Hba-a1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001004376.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001004376.1.

“Col1a2” gene refers to “procollagen, type I, alpha 2” gene and sometimes also described as oim, Cola2, Cola-2, Col1a-2, AA960264, and AI325291. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse Col1a2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)007743.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)031769.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human Col1a2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)000089.3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)000080.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee Col1a2 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)519207.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001168704.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine Col1a2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001003187.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001003187.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat Col1a2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)053356.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)445808.1. The nucleotide sequences of Col1a2 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 71 to 75 of the present application. In addition, orthologous genes of the above-described genes also appear in the database of NCBI, and for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chicken Col1a2 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001234350.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001234351.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of zebrafish Col1a2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)182968.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)892013.2.

“Hba-x” gene refers to “hemoglobin X, alpha-like embryonic chain in Hba complex” gene and is sometimes also described as AI450015. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse Hba-x gene appears under accession number NM_(—)010405.3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)034535.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human Hba-x gene appears under accession number NM_(—)005332.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)005323.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee Hba-x gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001151282.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001151282.1. The nucleotide sequences of Hba-x genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 76 to 78 of the present application. In addition, orthologous genes of the above-described genes also appear in the database of NCBI, and for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chicken Hba-x gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001004374.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001004374.1.

“basp1” gene refers to “brain abundant, membrane attached signal” gene and is sometimes also described as 2610024P12Rik, CAP-23, CAP23, Ckap3, NAP-22, and NAP22. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human basp1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)006317.3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)006308.3. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee basp1 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001175409.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001175409.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine basp1 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)863690.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)868783.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of bovine basp1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)174780.3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)777205.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse basp1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)027395.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)081671.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat basp1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)022300.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)071636.1. The nucleotide sequences of basp1 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 101 to 106 of the present application.

“cpe” gene refers to “carboxypeptidase E” gene and is sometimes also described as CPH, Cph-1, Cph1, MGC7101, R74677, and Fat. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human cpe gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001873.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001864.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee cpe gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001098559.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001092029.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine cpe gene appears under accession number XM_(—)532715.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)532715.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse cpe gene appears under accession number NM_(—)013494.3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)038522.2. The nucleotide sequences of cpe genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 107 to 110 of the present application.

“ddr1” gene refers to “discoidin domain receptor family, member 1” gene and is sometimes also described as 6030432F18, AI323681, CD167a, Cak, Nep, and PTK3A. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform a of human ddr1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)013993.2, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)054699.2, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform b appears under accession number NM_(—)001954.4, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001945.3, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform c appears under accession number NM_(—)013994.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)054700.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee ddr1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001045502.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001038967.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine ddr1 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)532062.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)532062.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of bovine ddr1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001076012.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001069480.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform 1 of mouse ddr1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)007584.2, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)031610.1, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform 2 appears under accession number NM_(—)172962.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)766550.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat ddr1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)013137.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)037269.1. The nucleotide sequences of ddr1 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 111 to 119 of the present application.

“marcks” gene refers to “myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate” gene and is sometimes also described as Macs and PKCSL. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human marcks gene appears under accession number NM_(—)002356.5, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)002347.5. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee marcks gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001159872.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001159872.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine marcks gene appears under accession number XM_(—)850164.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)855257.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of bovine marcks gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001076276.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001069744.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse marcks gene appears under accession number NM_(—)008538.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)032564.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat marcks gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001060954.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001060954.1. The nucleotide sequences of marcks genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 120 to 125 of the present application.

“ndn” gene refers to “necdin” gene and is sometimes also described as AI528698 and Peg6. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human ndn gene appears under accession number NM_(—)002487.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)002478.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee ndn gene appears under accession number XM_(—)510257.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)510257.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine ndn gene appears under accession number XM_(—)545810.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)545810.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of bovine ndn gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001014982.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001014982.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse ndn gene appears under accession number NM_(—)010882.3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)035012.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat ndn gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001008558.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001008558.1. The nucleotide sequences of ndn genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 126 to 131 of the present application.

“nnat” gene refers to “neuronatin” gene and is sometimes also described as 5730414102Rik, AW107673, Peg5, and RP23-169M4.6. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform a of human nnat gene appears under accession number NM_(—)005386.2, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)005377.1, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform b appears under accession number NM_(—)181689.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)859017.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee nnat gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001141473.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001141473.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine nnat gene appears under accession number XM_(—)847444.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)852537.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform a of mouse nnat gene appears under accession number NM_(—)010923.2, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)035053.1, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform b appears under accession number NM_(—)180960.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)851291.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform a of rat nnat gene appears under accession number NM_(—)053601.1, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)446053.1, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform b appears under accession number NM_(—)181687.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)859015.1. The nucleotide sequences of nnat genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 132 to 139 of the present application.

“ptbp2” gene refers to “polypyrimidine tract binding protein 2” gene and is sometimes also described as Ptb2, brPTB, and nPTB. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human ptbp2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)021190.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)067013.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee ptbp2 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001157727.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001157727.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine ptbp2 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)861727.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)866820.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of bovine ptbp2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001110081.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001103551.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse ptbp2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)019550.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)062423.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat ptbp2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001005555.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001005555.1. The nucleotide sequences of ptbp2 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 140 to 145 of the present application.

“sfrp2” gene refers to “secreted frizzled-related protein 2” gene and is sometimes also described as AI851596 and Sdf5. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human sfrp2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)003013.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)003004.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee sfrp2 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001155803.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001155803.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine sfrp2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001002987.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001002987.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of bovine sfrp2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001034393.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001029565.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse sfrp2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)009144.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)033170.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat sfrp2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001100700.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001094170.1. The nucleotide sequences of sfrp2 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 146 to 151 of the present application.

“sox11” gene refers to “SRY-box 11” gene and is sometimes also described as 1110038H03Rik, 6230403H02Rik, AI836553, and end1. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human sox11 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)003108.3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)003099.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of bovine sox11 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001250191.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001250192.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse sox11 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)009234.5, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)033260.4. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat sox11 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)053349.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)445801.1. The nucleotide sequences of sox11 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 152 to 155 of the present application.

“ttc3” gene refers to “tetratricopeptide repeat domain 3” gene and is sometimes also described as 2610202A04Rik, AA409221, D16Ium21, D16Ium21e, KIAA4119, TPRD, and mKIAA4119. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequences encoding mRNA of human ttc3 gene appear under accession numbers NM_(—)001001894.1 and NM_(—)003316.3, and the amino acid sequences encoded by the nucleotide sequences appear under accession numbers NP_(—)001001894.1 and NP_(—)003307.3, respectively. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee ttc3 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001169886.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001169886.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine ttc3 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)844474.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)849567.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of bovine ttc3 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001109767.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001103237.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse ttc3 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)009441.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)033467.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat ttc3 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001108315.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001101785.1. The nucleotide sequences of ttc3 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 156 to 162 of the present application.

“tubb2b” gene refers to “tubulin, beta 2b” gene and is sometimes also described as 2410129E14Rik. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse tubb2b gene appears under accession number NM_(—)023716.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)076205.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human tubb2b gene appears under accession number NM_(—)178012.4, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)821080.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee tubb2b gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001162039.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001162039.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine tubb2b gene appears under accession number XM_(—)851105.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)856198.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat tubb2b gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001013886.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001013908.2. The nucleotide sequences of tubb2b genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 163 to 167 of the present application.

“ubqln2” gene refers to “ubiquitin 2” gene and is sometimes also described as Chap1, Dsk2, HRIHFB2157, Plic-2, Plic2, and RP23-240F13.1. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse ubqln2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)018798.2 and amino acid sequence accession number NP_(—)061268.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human ubqln2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)013444.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)038472.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee ubqln2 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001148609.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001148609.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine ubqln2 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)549029.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)549029.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of bovine ubqln2 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)587928.4, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)587928.3. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat ubqln2 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001061090.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001061090.1. The nucleotide sequences of ubqln2 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 164 to 173 of the present application.

“vim” gene refers to “vimentin” gene and is sometimes also described as MGC102095 and RP23-185P20.1. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human vim gene appears under accession number NM_(—)003380.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)003371.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee vim gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001009148.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001009148.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine vim gene appears under accession number XM_(—)851385.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)856478.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of bovine vim gene appears under accession number NM_(—)173969.3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)776394.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse vim gene appears under accession number NM_(—)011701.3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)035831.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat vim gene appears under accession number NM_(—)031140.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)112402.1. The nucleotide sequences of vim genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 174 to 179 of the present application.

“six3” gene refers to “sine oculis homeobox homolog 3” gene and is sometimes also described as Six3a, Six3alpha, Six3b, and Six3beta. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human six3 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)005413.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)005404.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee six3 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)525749.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)525749.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of bovine six3 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)868863.3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)873956.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse six3 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)011381.3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)035511.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat six3 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)023990.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)076480.1. The nucleotide sequences of six3 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 180 to 184 of the present application.

“arx” gene refers to “aristaless related homeobox” gene and is sometimes also described as RP23-53K18.1. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human arx gene appears under accession number NM_(—)139058.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)620689.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine arx gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001114666.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001108138.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse arx gene appears under accession number NM_(—)007492.3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)031518.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat arx gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001100174.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001093644.1. The nucleotide sequences of arx genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 185 to 188 of the present application.

“dcx” gene refers to “doublecortin” gene and is sometimes also described as DBCN, DC, LISX, RP5-914P14.1, SCLH, and XLIS. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform a of human dcx gene appears under accession number NM_(—)000555.2, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)000546.2, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform b appears under accession number NM_(—)178152.1, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)835365.1, the nucleotide sequences encoding mRNA of isoform c appear under accession numbers NM_(—)178151.1 and NM_(—)178153.1, and the amino acid sequences encoded by the nucleotide sequences appear under accession numbers NP_(—)835364.1 and NP_(—)835366.1, respectively. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee dcx gene appears under accession number XM_(—)529107.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)529107.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine dcx gene appears under accession number XM_(—)848089.1, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)853182.1, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat dcx gene appears under accession number NM_(—)053379.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)445831.2. The nucleotide sequences encoding mRNA of isoform a of mouse dcx gene appear under accession numbers NM_(—)001110222.1 and NM_(—)001110223.1, the amino acid sequences encoded by the nucleotide sequences appear under accession numbers NP_(—)001103692.1 and NP_(—)001103693.1, respectively, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform b appears under accession number NM_(—)001110224.1, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001103694.1, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform c appears under accession number NM_(—)010025.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)034155.2. The nucleotide sequences of dcx genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 189 to 199 of the present application.

“L1cam” gene refers to “L1 cell adhesion molecule” gene and is sometimes also described as CAML1, CD171, HSAS, HSAS1, MASA, MIC5, N-CAML1, S10, and SPG1. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform 1 of human L1cam gene appears under accession number NM_(—)000425.2, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)000416.1, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform 2 appears under accession number NM_(—)024003.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)076493.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee L1cam gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001139376.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001139376.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine L1cam gene appears under accession number XM_(—)549364.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)549364.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of bovine L1cam gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001250423.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001250424.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse L1cam gene appears under accession number NM_(—)008478.3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)032504.3. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat L1cam gene appears under accession number NM_(—)017345.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)059041.1. The nucleotide sequences of L1cam genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 200 to 206 of the present application.

“emx2” gene refers to “empty spiracles homeobox 2” gene and is sometimes also described as Pdo. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human emx2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)004098.3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)004089.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee emx2 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001152098.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001152098.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine emx2 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)848240.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)853333.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of bovine emx2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001075845.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001069313.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse emx2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)010132.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)034262.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat emx2 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001109169.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001102639.1. The nucleotide sequences of emx2 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 207 to 212 of the present application.

“wnt1” gene refers to “wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 1” gene and is sometimes also described as Int-1, Wnt-1, sw, and swaying. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of human wnt1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)005430.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)005421.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee wnt1 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)001159566.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)001159566.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine wnt1 gene appears under accession number XM_(—)543686.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)543686.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of bovine wnt1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001114191.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001107663.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse wnt1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)021279.4, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)067254.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat wnt1 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001105714.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001099184.1. The nucleotide sequences of wnt1 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 213 to 218 of the present application.

“reln gene” refers to “reelin” gene and is sometimes also described as reeler and rl. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform a of human reln gene appears under accession number NM_(—)005045.2, the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)005036.2, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform b appears under accession number NM_(—)173054.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)774959.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of chimpanzee reln gene appears under accession number XM_(—)519291.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)519291.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of canine rein gene appears under accession number XM_(—)844371.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number XP_(—)849464.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of bovine rein gene appears under accession number NM_(—)001105321.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001098791.1. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse rein gene appears under accession number NM_(—)011261.1, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)035391.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat rein gene appears under accession number NM_(—)080394.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)536319.2. The nucleotide sequences of rein genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 219 to 225 of the present application.

“pax6” gene refers to “paired box 6” gene and is sometimes also described as AN, AN2, MGDA, WAGR, D11S812E, MGC17209, Dey, Sey, AEY11, Gsfaey11, and 1500038E17Rik. In the database of NCBI, for example, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of mouse pax6 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)013627.4, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)038655.1. The nucleotide sequences encoding mRNA of isoform a of human pax6 gene appear under accession numbers NM_(—)000280.3 and NM_(—)001127612.1, the amino acid sequences encoded by the nucleotide sequence appear under accession numbers NP_(—)000271.1 and NP_(—)001121084.1, respectively, the nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of isoform b appears under accession number NM_(—)001604.3, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)001595.2. The nucleotide sequence encoding mRNA of rat pax6 gene appears under accession number NM_(—)013001.2, and the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequence appears under accession number NP_(—)037133.1. The nucleotide sequences of pax6 genes described above are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 226 to 230 of the present application.

In addition, the present invention is a method for obtaining a marker gene for assessing embryotoxicity of a chemical comprising:

(1) a step A of measuring the expression level of a gene comprising any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 and 101 to 230 in a specific tissue cell that has come into contact with a test chemical during differentiation of a stem cell into the tissue cell;

(2) a step B of comparing the measured value of the expression level of the gene in the step A with a control value of the expression level of the gene and based on the difference, identifying another gene which shows alteration specific to the test chemical; and

(3) a step C of obtaining the gene identified in the step B.

In the step A, specifically, for example, cells in the differentiation process to the tissue which have come into contact with a chemical showing embryotoxicity or a plurality of chemicals showing no embryotoxicity are sequentially obtained and the expression level of a gene comprising any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 and 101 to 230 is measured.

In the step B, cells in the differentiation process to the tissue which have not come into contact with a chemical are sequentially obtained and the expression level of the gene is measured to use as a control value, and a pattern of the difference in the altered expression of the gene for each chemical is elucidated as compared to the gene expression level in the step A at each time point. Moreover, identified as a marker gene for assessing embryotoxicity is another gene which shows a pattern of altered gene expression specific to a plurality of chemicals is the same as the pattern of altered expression of the above gene.

In the step C, a gene identified in the step B is obtained by such method as PCR method.

In addition, the present invention is a method for obtaining a marker gene for assessing embryotoxicity of a chemical comprising:

(1) a step A of measuring alteration during differentiation in the expression of a gene that comprises any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 and 101 to 230 during differentiation of a stem cell into a specific tissue cell and identifying a gene with altered expression;

(2) a step B of measuring the expression level of the gene identified in the step A in the tissue cell which has come into contact with a test chemical; and

(3) a step C of comparing the measured value of the expression level of the gene in the step B with a control value of the expression level of the gene and based on the difference, identifying and obtaining another gene that shows alteration specific to the test chemical.

In the step A, measured is the expression level of a gene comprising any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 and 101 to 230 in the tissue cells sequentially obtained during differentiation of stem cells into specific tissue cells. Specifically, for example, cells in the differentiation process to the tissue are sequentially obtained and the expression level of the gene is measured, and identified is a gene expression of which significantly alters as compared to the expression level at day 0. In the step B, measured for the gene identified in the step A is the expression level in the tissue cells which have come into contact with a chemical showing embryotoxicity or a plurality of chemicals showing no embryotoxicity in an animal. In the step C, cells in the differentiation process to the tissue which have not come into contact with a chemical are sequentially obtained and the expression level of the gene is measured to use as a control value, and a pattern of the difference in the altered expression of the gene for each chemical is elucidated as compared to the gene expression level in the step B at each time point. Moreover, identified as a marker gene for assessing embryotoxicity is another gene which shows a pattern of altered gene expression specific to a plurality of chemicals is the same as the pattern of altered expression of the specified gene.

As used herein, “reporter gene” contains a promoter sequence of the present gene and a reporter protein coding sequence operably linked to the promoter sequence. Examples of the reporter protein include enzymes such as firefly luciferase (firefly luc), renilla luciferase (renilla luc), β-galactosidase, and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, and selectable marker proteins that allow visual selection in a host to which a nucleic acid construct is introduced. Examples of the selectable marker proteins described above include fluorescent dye markers and dye markers capable of observation in living cells, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP), cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and red fluorescent protein (dsRed). It is preferred that the reporter protein does not substantially show toxicity to a host into which the nucleic acid construct of the present invention is introduced. In addition, the detection of the reporter gene expression can be carried out by a known detection method even when the reporter protein is an enzyme or fluorescent protein.

As used herein, “promoter” refers to a region on DNA that determines the initiation site of transcription of a gene and directly regulates the frequency of transcription, and is a nucleotide sequence that typically starts transcription by binding of RNA polymerase. Therefore, a portion having an action of the promoter of a gene is herein referred to as “promoter sequence.” The sequence of a promoter is typically a region within about 5 kbp upstream of the first exon of a putative protein coding region. Therefore, it is possible to estimate a promoter sequence by predicting a protein coding region in a genomic nucleotide sequence using a DNA analyzing software. As the DNA analyzing software, for example, DNASIS software (Hitachi Software), GENETYX (GENETYX CORPORATION), and the like can be used. A putative promoter sequence differs depending on the structural gene and is typically located in the upstream of a structural gene, but can be located in the downstream of a structural gene.

As used herein, a method for obtaining a DNA sequence anticipated as a promoter sequence from the NCBI database is specifically described using mouse Hand1 gene as an example. As for the mRNA sequence of mouse Hand1 gene, by searching in the NCBI website on the internet using “hand1” as a keyword, the nucleotide sequence registered under accession number NM_(—)008213.2 can be obtained. Next, according to a blast search for mouse complete genomic sequence, among the sequences registered under NM_(—)008213.2, a genomic sequence containing a homologous sequence to the sequence surrounding the transcription start point is searched. As a result, from the whole sequence of mouse 11th chromosome under accession number ref|NT_(—)096135.5|Mm11_(—)95772_(—)37, the genomic information of 1 Mbp around the Hand1 gene can be known. After the indicated range is narrowed down to 10 kbp or so, the genomic sequence of 10 kbp or so around the Hand1 gene can be obtained by directing downloading. The resulting genomic sequence and mRNA sequence are analyzed using a DNA analyzing software, whereby the DNA sequence of about 5 kbp upstream from the transcription start point can be obtained. As the DNA analyzing software, for example, DNASIS software (Hitachi Software), GENETYX (GENETYX CORPORATION), and the like can be used.

As used herein, the term “operably linked to a promoter sequence” indicates that expression (operation) of a desired gene is under control of a promoter sequence. In order for a promoter to be operably linked to a structural gene, typically, the promoter is located immediately upstream of the structural gene, but is not necessarily located adjacent to the structural gene. In a reporter gene containing a promoter sequence of the present gene and a reporter protein coding sequence operably linked to the promoter sequence, such promoter sequence may be a region located between 5 kbp upstream from the transcription start point of the sequence. It is because this region is expected to contain a bindable sequence in known transcription regulator such as Sp1 and AP-2 and play an important roll for expression control. Based on the above, it is assumed that at least nucleotide sequence (promoter sequence) necessary and sufficient for inducing transcription into these regions is contained. A promoter sequence may be operably linked to a reporter protein coding sequence to function and is not limited by length.

When mentioning genes herein, “vector” refers to a vector capable of transferring a polynucleotide sequence of interest to a target cell. Examples of such a vector include those capable of self replication or incorporation into a chromosome in a host cell such as a prokaryotic cell, yeast, an animal cell, a plant cell, an insect cell, an individual animal, and an individual plant, and contain a promoter at a site suitable for transcription of a polynucleotide of the present invention. Among vectors, a vector suitable for cloning is referred to as “cloning vector.” Such a cloning vector typically contains a multiple cloning site containing a plurality of restriction enzyme sites. At present, there are a number of vectors available for cloning genes in the art, which are designated different names by distributors depending on structural differences (e.g., the type or sequence of a restriction enzyme for multicloning sites). For example, representative cloning vectors are described in “Molecular Cloning (3rd edition)” by Sambrook, J and Russell, D. W., Appendix 3 (Volume 3), Vectors and Bacterial strains. A3.2 (Cold Spring Harbor USA, 2001)) (sales agencies are also described therein) and can be used as appropriate by those skilled in the art depending on the purpose.

As used herein, “vector” also contains “expression vector,” “reporter vector,” and “recombinant vector,” and in the “expression vector,” in addition to a structural gene and a promoter for regulating the expression thereof, various regulatory elements may be linked in a state that allows them to operate within host cells. The regulatory elements may include, preferably, terminators, selectable markers such as drug-resistant genes, and enhancers. It is a well-known matter to those skilled in the art that the type of an expression vector of a living organism (e.g., animal) and the type of regulatory element used may vary depending on the host cell.

As a “recombinant vector” used herein, for example, a lambda FIX vector (phage vector) can be used for screening genome libraries, and a lambda ZAP vector (phage vector) can be used for screening cDNA. For cloning genomic DNA, pBluescript II SK+/−, pGEM, and pCR2.1 vectors (plasmid vectors), and the like can be used. As an expression vector, a pSV2neo vector, a pcDNA vector, a pUC18 vector, a pUC19 vector, a pRc/RSV vector, a pLenti6/V5-Dest vector, a pAd/CMV/V5-DEST vector, a pDON-AI-2/neo vector, a pMEI-5/neo vector, and the like (plasmid vectors) can be used. As a reporter vector, a pGL2 vector, a pGL3 vector, a pGL4.10 vector, a pGL4.11 vector, a pGL4.12 vector, a pGL4.70 vector, a pGL4.71 vector, a pGL4.72 vector, a pSLG vector, a pSLO vector, a pSLR vector, a pEGFP vector, a pAcGFP vector, a pDsRed vector, and the like can be used. Such vectors can be used as appropriate with reference to the above-mentioned Molecular Cloning (supra).

Examples of techniques for introduction of a nucleic acid molecule into cells used herein include transformation, transduction, transfection, and the like. Such nucleic acid molecule introduction techniques are well-known in the art and commonly used, and are described in, for example, edited by Ausubel F. A. et al. (1988), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley, New York, N.Y.; Sambrook J. et al. (1987) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed. and its 3rd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Special issue, Jikken Igaku [Experimental Medicine] “Experimental Method for Gene introduction & Expression Analysis,” Yodo-sha, 1997; and the like. Gene Introduction can be confirmed using the method as described herein, such as Northern blotting analysis and Western blotting analysis, or other well-known common techniques.

Any of the above-described methods for introducing DNA into cells can be used as a vector introduction method, including, for example, transfection, transduction, transformation, and the like (e.g., a calcium phosphate method, a liposome method, a DEAE dextran method, an electroporation method, a particle gun (gene gun) method, and the like).

“Transformant” refers to the whole or a part of an organism, such as a cell which is produced by transformation. Examples of a transformant include a prokaryotic cell, yeast, an animal cell, a plant cell, and an insect cell. Transformants are also referred to as transformed cells, transformed tissue, transformed hosts, or the like, depending on the subject. The cell used in the present invention may be a transformant.

When a prokaryotic cell is used herein for genetic manipulations or the like, examples of the prokaryotic cell include prokaryotic cells belonging to the genus Eschericia, genus Serratia, genus Bacillus, genus Brevibacterium, genus Corynebacterium, genus Microbacterium, genus Pseudomonas, and the like, for example, Eschericia XL1-Blue, Eschericia XL2-Blue, Eschericia DH1, and the like and are described in “Molecular Cloning (3rd edition)” by Sambrook, J and Russell, D. W., Appendix 3 (Volume 3), Vectors and Bacterial strains. A3.2 (Cold Spring Harbor USA, 2001).

As used herein, “genetically modified non-human animal” is a collective term of transgenic non-human animals (mouse, rat) created by introducing a specific gene (DNA) from external by a genetic manipulation, knockout mice generated by deleting a specific gene by disruption, conversely, knockin mice generated by the addition and substitution to a specific gene, and the like.

EXAMPLES

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail by reference to Examples, but the present invention is not limited to such Examples.

Example 1 Induction of ES Cell Differentiation into Myocardium

Mouse ES cells (ES-D3 strain) were obtained from ATCC (American Type Culture Collection). The ES-D3 strain was cultured while maintaining an undifferentiated state in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with mouse LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor), and thereafter, the cells were dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA. Using a medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum not containing LIF, the cells were cultured by hanging drop culture in a dish with a diameter of 10 cm, so as to contain about 750 cells per droplet (this culture method is also called as hanging drop culture or hanging drop method) in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ for 3 days, to form embryoid bodies. This embryoid bodies were further cultured in suspension in a nonadherent petri dish for 2 days and then transferred to an adherent petri dish. At 10 days after the start of the hanging drop, cardiomyocytes that repeat contractions were confirmed under a microscope. In order to sequentially and exhaustively figure out a gene in which expression varies in a process of differentiation from ES cells into cardiac muscle, the hanging drop culture of over 12,000 droplets were started. On each at day 0, day 1, day 2, day 3, day 4, day 5, day 6, day 7, day 8, day 9, and day 10 in the process of differentiation induction described above, 50 or more cells were collected, mixed, and defined as 1 group, and more than 4 groups of the cells were collected.

This procedure was carried out until day 10.

Example 2 Analysis of Global Changes in Expression during Myocardial Differentiation

RNA was extracted from a total of 24 samples, at a total of 6 time points, day 0, day 2, day 4, day 6, day 8, and day 10 after differentiation induction (4 groups per day) using an RNeasy RNA extraction kit (QIAGEN). The concentration measurement with a RiboGreen RNA quantification kit (Invitrogen) and the quality confirmation of RNA degradation by electrophoresis were carried out for all the extracted RNA. Using RNA prepared as 4 μg based on the result of the concentration measurement, gene expression alteration profile data was exhaustively collected using a GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array (Affymetrix) and analyzed. As a specific analysis method, genes expression of which commonly alters in all groups at each time point were first extracted using Bioinformatics analysis software. Subsequently, expression pattern classification was sequentially performed to group the extracted genes. Hand1 gene, ADAM19 gene, Cmya1 gene, Pitx2 gene, Smyd1 gene, Pim2 gene, Tbx20 gene, Myl4 gene, Myl7 gene, Hbb-bh1 gene, Hba-a1 gene, Col1a2 gene, or Hba-x gene that showed expression alteration at each day (day 2, day 4, day 6, day 8, and day 10) against day 0 was extracted as a candidate gene.

Example 3

A method for analyzing alteration in the expression level of the candidate gene by qualitative PCR using embryotoxic and non-embryotoxic chemicals to identify a marker gene will be described.

(Collection of Sample Contacted with Test Chemical on Induction of Myocardial Differentiation)

The ES-D3 cell line was cultured while maintaining an undifferentiated state in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. In the differentiation induction method, first, the cells were dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA, and thereafter, using a medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum not containing LIF, the cells were cultured for 3 days by hanging drop culture in a petri dish with a diameter of 10 cm, so as to contain about 750 cells per droplet. The formed embryoid bodies were further cultured in suspension in a nonadherent 6 cm petri dish (greiner) for 2 days, and thereafter, the embryoid bodies were seeded in a 24-well plate (BD Falcon). The series of differentiation induction described above was performed in a medium supplemented with a solvent control group, groups treated with an embryotoxic chemical (0.05 μg/mL 5-Fluorouracil, 4.0 μg/mL hydroxyurea, or 1.0 μg/mL 6-aminonicotinamide), and groups treated with a non-embryotoxic chemical (1,000 μg/mL saccharin sodium hydrate, 7.5 μg/mL ascorbic acid, or 125 μg/mL isoniazide). 10 days of culture was performed replacing with a medium supplemented with a compound prepared again at day 3 and day 5 from the start of the hanging drop. On each at day 1, day 2, day 3, day 4, day 5, day 6, day 7, day 8, day 9, and day 10 from the start of the hanging drop, 50 or more cells were collected, mixed, and defined as 1 group, and more than 4 groups of the cells were collected. The collected cells were dissolved in 100 μl of Trisol solution (Invitrogen) and stored at −80° C. RNA was extracted from a stored sample according to the conventional method and then purified with an RNeasy mini kit (QIAGEN).

(Expression Analysis of Candidate Gene by Quantitative PCR)

The RNA concentration was measured using a RiboGreen RNA quantification kit (Invitrogen), and RNA equivalent to 300 ng was reacted at 42° C. for 1 hour using oligo dT primer and reverse transcriptases of Superscript III RT (Invitrogen), to give cDNA at each day. 1 μL of the resulting cDNA, 1 μL of TaqMan probe, and 8 μL of TaqMan Fast Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) were mixed in a test tube for analysis and kept at 95° C. for 10 minutes. Thereafter, PCR was performed using a 7900HT Real-time PCR system under the reaction conditions repeating 40 cycles of a reaction of 95° C. for 10 seconds and 60° C. for 20 seconds. PCR was performed with 3 repetitions for each sample. As the TaqMan probe for each gene used for the analysis, Mm00433931_m1 for Hand1 gene, Mm00477337_m1 for ADAM19 gene, Mm00440826 ml for Pitx2 gene, Mm00495998_m1 for Cmya1 gene, Mm00477663_m1 for Smyd1 gene, Mm00454579_m1 for Pim2 gene, Mm00451515_m1 for Tbx20 gene, Mm00440378_m1 for Myl4 gene, Mm00491655 ml for Myl7 gene, Mm00433932_g1 for Hbb-bh1 gene, Mm00845395_s1 for Hba-a1 gene, Mm00483888_m1 for Col1a2 gene, and Mm00439255_m1 for Hba-x gene (all manufactured by Applied Biosystems) were used. In addition, using 1 μL of Pre-developed TaqMan Assay Reagents capable of analyzing mouse β actin gene and 1 μL of cDNA, PCR was performed in the same manner using a 7900HT Real-time PCR system, to obtain a data of the endogenous control. The expression level of the candidate gene on each day of the differentiation induction was divided by the expression level of mouse β actin gene on the same day, whereby the expression level of each marker gene was evaluated. The evaluation was done on the basis of the data on the day when the expression of each candidate gene was the highest. As a result, as shown in FIGS. 1 to 13, Hand1 gene, ADAM19 gene, Cmya1 gene, Pitx2 gene, Smyd1 gene, Pim2 gene, Tbx20 gene, Myl4 gene, Myl7 gene, Hbb-bh1 gene, Hba-a1 gene, Col1a2 gene, and Hba-x gene were strongly suppressed in the groups treated with embryotoxic chemicals as compared to the groups treated with non-embryotoxic chemicals and identified as marker genes.

Example 4

The process of verifying reliability of the marker genes identified in Example 3 for prediction of embryotoxicity using embryotoxic chemicals and non-embryotoxic chemicals other than the chemicals used in Example 3 will be described.

(Collection of Sample Contacted with Test Chemical on Induction of Myocardial Differentiation)

The ES-D3 cell line was cultured while maintaining an undifferentiated state in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. In the differentiation induction method, first, the cells were dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA, and thereafter, using a medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum not containing LIF, the cells were cultured for 3 days by hanging drop culture in a petri dish with a diameter of 10 cm, so as to contain about 750 cells per droplet. The formed embryoid bodies were further cultured in suspension in a nonadherent 6 cm petri dish (greiner) for 2 days, and thereafter, the embryoid bodies were seeded in a 24-well plate (BD Falcon). The series of differentiation induction described above was performed in a medium supplemented with a solvent control group, groups treated with embryotoxic chemical (1.5 μg/mL 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine, 0.6 μg/mL methotrexate, or 0.001 μg/mL all-trans-retinoic acid), and groups treated with non-embryotoxic chemical (1500 μg/mL penicillin G sodium salt, 25 μg/mL acrylamide, or 100 μg/mL D-(+)-camphor). 10 days of culture was performed replacing with a medium supplemented with a compound prepared again at day 3 and day 5 from the start of the hanging drop. On each day at day 1, day 2, day 3, day 4, day 5, day 6, day 7, day 8, day 9, and day 10 from the start of the hanging drop, 50 or more cells were collected, mixed, and defined as 1 group, and more than 4 groups of the cells were collected. The collected cells were dissolved in 100 μl of Trisol solution (Invitrogen) and stored at −80° C. RNA was extracted from a stored sample according to the conventional method and then purified with an RNeasy mini kit (QIAGEN).

(Expression Analysis of Marker Gene by Qualitative PCR)

The RNA concentration was measured using a RiboGreen RNA quantification kit (Invitrogen), and RNA equivalent to 300 ng was reacted at 42° C. for 1 hour using oligo dT primer and reverse transcriptases of Superscript III RT (Invitrogen), to give cDNA at each day. 1 μL of the resulting cDNA, 1 μL of TaqMan probe, and 8 μL of TaqMan Fast Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) were mixed in a test tube for analysis and kept at 95° C. for 10 minutes. Thereafter, PCR was performed using a 7900HT Real-time PCR system under the reaction conditions repeating 40 cycles of a reaction of 95° C. for 10 seconds and 60° C. for 20 seconds. PCR was performed with 3 repetitions for each sample. As the TaqMan probe for each gene, Mm00433931_m1 for Hand1 gene, Mm00477337_m1 for ADAM19 gene, Mm00440826_m1 for Pitx2 gene, Mm00495998_m1 for Cmya1 gene, Mm00477663_m1 for Smyd1 gene, Mm00454579_m1 for Pim2 gene, Mm00451515_m1 for Tbx20 gene, Mm00440378_m1 for Myl4 gene, Mm00491655_m1 for Myl7 gene, Mm00433932_g1 for Hbb-bh1 gene, Mm00845395_s1 for Hba-a1 gene, Mm00483888_m1 for Col1a2 gene, and Mm00439255_m1 for Hba-x gene (all manufactured by Applied Biosystems) were used for the analysis.

In addition, using 1 μL of Pre-developed TaqMan Assay Reagents capable of analyzing mouse β actin gene and 1 μL of cDNA, PCR was performed in the same manner using a 7900HT Real-time PCR system, to obtain a data of the endogenous control. In the data obtained by the analysis, the expression level of the marker gene on each day of the differentiation induction was divided by the expression level of mouse β actin gene on the same day, whereby the expression level of each marker gene was evaluated. The measurement date was determined as the day when the expression of each marker gene was the highest. As a result, as shown in FIGS. 14 to 26, Hand1 gene, ADAM19 gene, Cmya1 gene, Pitx2 gene, Smyd1 gene, Pim2 gene, Tbx20 gene, Myl4 gene, Myl7 gene, Hbb-bh1 gene, Hba-a1 gene, Col1a2 gene, and Hba-x gene tended to be strongly suppressed in the groups treated with embryotoxic chemicals as compared to the groups treated with non-embryotoxic chemicals and verified as marker genes.

Example 5

Hereinbelow, a method for preparing ES cells transformed with a vector containing a reporter gene under the control of promoter expression of a marker gene will be described.

(Cloning of Promoter of Marker Gene and Preparation of Reporter Plasmid)

A promoter region of each marker gene in the present invention was cloned by PCR using the primers as shown below.

When 5 kb of the promoter region of Hand1 gene was amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 79 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 82 were used; when 2 kb of the promoter region was amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 80 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 82 were used; and 1 kb of the promoter region was amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 81 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 82 were used. 20 ng of genomic DNA extracted from ES-D3 cells and the each primer prepared as 10 μM were amplified by PCR method using Platinum Taq polymerase (Invitrogen). PCR reaction was performed with a GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (Applied Biosystems), using the reaction conditions of 95° C. for 5 minutes, followed by 30 cycles of 95° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 7 minutes.

When 5 kb of the promoter region of Smyd1 gene was amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 83 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 86 were used; when 2 kb of the promoter region was amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 84 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 86 were used; and when 1 kb of the promoter region was amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 85 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 86 were used.

When 5 kb of the promoter region of Pitx2 gene was amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 87 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 90 were used; when 2 kb of the promoter region was amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 88 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 90 were used; and when 1 kb of the promoter region was amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 89 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 90 were used.

When 5 kb of the promoter region of Cmya1 gene was amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 91 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 94 were used; when 2 kb of the promoter region was amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 92 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 94 were used; and when 1 kb of the promoter region was amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 93 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 94 were used.

When 5 kb of the promoter region of Pim2 gene was amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 95 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 98 were used; when 2 kb of the promoter region was amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 96 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 98 were used; and when 1 kb of the promoter region was amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 97 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 98 were used.

When 5 kb of the promoter region of ADAM19 gene was amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 99 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 100 were used.

Each PCR product of Cmya1 gene was digested with Hind III (TAKARA BIO INC.), and each PCR product of Hand1, ADAM19, Smyd1, Pitx2, and Pim2 genes was digested with Kpn I (TAKARA BIO INC.), and then electrophoresed and purified from the gel. The purified DNA fragments were each digested with Hind III or Kpn I and linked using pGL4.17[Luc2/Neo]vector (Promega) dephosphorylated with Alkaline phosphatase (TAKARA BIO INC.) and Ligation kit (TAKARA BIO INC.), then transformed into DH5α competent cells (TAKARA BIO INC.) and cultured overnight in LB/ampicillin medium at 37° C. The appeared colonies were cultured in LB/ampicillin liquid medium, and plasmid DNA was extracted from the proliferated E. coli. The sequence of an insert fragment of the obtained plasmid DNA was determined, and the presence or absence of mutation or the like was confirmed.

In order to use for transfection into ES cells, each plasmid was extracted again with an Qiafilter plasmid extraction kit (QIAGEN). 20 μg of the resulting plasmid DNA was treated with restriction enzyme by Sal I for the promoters of Cmya1, Hand1, Pim2, ADAM19, and Pitx2 and by Not I for Smyd1, and then purified to obtain linearized DNA.

(Method for Preparing Recombinant ES Cells)

The ES-D3 cells cultured while maintaining an undifferentiated state were dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA, and thereafter, 0.3×10⁵ cells were seeded in a 0.1% gelatin-coated 35 mm petri dish and cultured in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF. Thereafter, Opti-MEM medium, 4 μg of the linearized DNA, and 12 μL of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) were mixed and allowed to react at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then the total amount was added to the cell culture.

After culturing in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ for 1 hour, the medium was replaced with DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF. After 12 hours, each cell was dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA and then seeded in a 0.1% gelatin-coated 10 cm petri dish using DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF containing 100 μg/mL G418 (Invitrogen), and drug selection culture was started. After 7 days to 10 days, the ES cell colonies formed in the petri dish were isolated under a stereomicroscope and seeded in a 96-well plate, and drug selection culture was continued. With replacing the medium every 3 days, the proliferated cells were subcultured after 7 days to 10 days and seeded in a 48-well plate, and drug selection culture was continued, to obtain a drug-resistant stably-transformed cell line.

(Method for Selecting Cell Line)

The obtained cell line was cultured while maintaining an undifferentiated state in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF containing 100 μg/mL G418 and was dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA. The medium was replaced with DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum not supplemented with LIF, and thereafter, hanging culture was performed for 3 days in a volume of 750 cells/20 μL, followed by suspension culture for 2 days and adhesion culture for 5 days, whereby induction of differentiation into cardiac muscle was performed. For each of the cell lines, 50 or more embryoid bodies were collected every 2 days for 10 days and defined as 1 sample, and RNA extraction was carried out according to the conventional method. The extracted RNA was thereafter purified with an RNaeasy mini kit (QIAGEN). The RNA concentration was measured using a RiboGreen RNA quantification kit (Invitrogen), and thereafter, RNA equivalent to 1 μg was reacted at 42° C. for 1 hour using oligo dT primer and reverse transcriptases of Superscript III RT (Invitrogen), to synthesize cDNA. For samples at day 0, day 2, day 4, day 6, day 8, and day 10 of each of the cell lines, PCR was performed using a primer pair capable of amplifying Luc2 gene (5′-agtagtggcagtaccggat-3′ and 5′-ctcgtgcaagttgcttagg-3′) and ExTaq polymerase (TAKARA BIO INC.), and thereafter, gel electrophoresis of the PCR product was performed. Also, the expression levels of each marker gene and β actin gene were compared, and a cell line that induces the expression of Luc2 gene with differentiation induction was selected. Furthermore, measurement of the luciferase activity of the selected cell line after differentiation induction was performed as follows. First, the cell line was cultured while maintaining an undifferentiated state in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF containing 100 μg/mL G418 and was dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA. The medium was replaced with DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum not supplemented with LIF, and thereafter, induction of myocardial differentiation was started by the hanging drop method in a volume of 750 cells/20 μL, and the suspension culture was performed for 3 days. After 3 days, 100 μL of DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum not supplemented with LIF was added, and the suspension culture was continued for 2 days. Thereafter, on day 5, the formed embryoid bodies were transferred to a 96-well plate for adhesion culture (Corning Incorporated), and the adhesion culture was started. On each day from day 6 to day 10 from the start of differentiation induction, 50 μL of a luciferase luminescent reagent, Steady-Glo, was added to each well of four 96-well plates from which culture solution was removed by suction. After shaking for 10 minutes, the luciferase activity was measured with a TopCount NXT luminescence detection counter (Packard Japan). For example, for ES cells transformed with a vector containing a reporter gene under the control of promoter expression of hand1 gene (hereinafter, referred to as Hand1-ES cells) and ES cells transformed with a vector containing a reporter gene under the control of promoter expression of smyd1 gene (hereinafter, referred to as smyd1-ES cells), endogenous expression level of hand1 gene or msyd1 gene and the results of sequential measurement of the luciferase activity are shown in FIGS. 27 to 30. It was revealed that Hand1-ES cells and smyd1-ES cells agree in the patterns of endogenous gene expression and induction of the luciferase activity.

Example 6

Hereinbelow, a method for assessing embryotoxicity during myocardial differentiation using the selected recombinant ES cells will be described.

The obtained recombinant ES cell line is cultured while maintaining an undifferentiated state in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF containing 100 μg/mL G418. The undifferentiated colonies are dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA, and thereafter, the cells are suspended in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF. Residual trypsin is removed by centrifugation and suction of the supernatant, and the cells are suspended in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum not containing LIF. Thereafter, the number of cells is counted using a small amount of the cell solution. A differentiation medium supplemented with only PBS(−) as a solvent control group, a differentiation medium supplemented with a hydroxyurea solution (dissolved in PBS(−)) so as to be a final concentration of 4.0 μg/mL as a positive control (positive compound and concentration such that the differentiation into cardiac muscle is suppressed) group, and a differentiation medium prepared by diluting a test chemical to five levels with a common ratio of 10 are prepared. Thereafter, a cell suspension is prepared so as to have a cell number of 3.75×10⁴ cells per 1 mL in each differentiation medium, induction of myocardial differentiation is started by the hanging drop method in a volume of 750 cells/20 μl, and the culture is performed for 3 days. On day 3, 100 μl of the differentiation medium again prepared and the differentiation medium supplemented with the test chemical are added, and the suspension culture is continued for 2 days. On day 5, the formed embryoid bodies are transferred to a 96-well plate for adhesion culture (Corning Incorporated) to which the differentiation medium again prepared and the differentiation medium supplemented with the test chemical have been previously dispensed, and the adhesion culture is started. On each day from day 6 to day 10 from the start of differentiation induction, 50 μL of a luciferase luminescent reagent, Steady-Glo, is added to each well of four 96-well plates from which culture solution is removed by suction. After shaking for 10 minutes, the luciferase activity is measured with a TopCount NXT luminescence detection counter (Packard Japan). The obtained activity values are averaged and tallied for the solvent control group, the positive control group and every concentration of the test chemical. The obtained activity values are averaged and tallied for the solvent control group, the positive control group and every concentration of the test chemical. Using these methods, the amounts of change in the luciferase activities of the solvent control group, the positive control group and the test chemical are compared, and the concentration of the test chemical that inhibits myocardial differentiation can be determined.

Example 7 Induction of ES Cell Differentiation into Nerve

According to the processes described in Examples 1 to 5, embryotoxicity of a test chemical to cardiac tissue could be assessed by identifying a marker that assesses the embryotoxicity to cardiac tissue and using a nucleic acid construct of a marker gene and a transformed cell. When the method for inducing differentiation from ES cells to brain and nerve as shown below is applied, the method for assessing the embryotoxicity to brain and nerve is feasible as well as cardiac tissue. The method for inducing ES cell differentiation to neural cells is shown hereinafter.

The ES-D3 cells were cultured while maintaining an undifferentiated state in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. The cells were dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA, and then the cells were suspended in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF. Thereafter, residual trypsin and serum were removed by centrifugation and suction of the supernatant, and the cells were suspended in neural differentiation medium comprising DMEM medium supplemented with 5% KSR (Invitrogen), 2 mM glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, and a nonessential amino acid solution. The number of cells was counted using a small amount of the cell solution, and thereafter, 10 mL of the cells were seeded in a 10 cm nonadherent petri dish at a cell density of 5×10⁵ cells/mL and cultured in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ or an incubator at 37° C., 5% CO₂, and 5% O₂. On day 3 from the start of differentiation, 10 mL of neural differentiation medium was added, and the suspension culture was continued for 2 days. On day 5 from the start of differentiation, all cells and culture solution were transferred to a centrifuging tube and allowed to stand at room temperature for 10 minutes, to precipitate embryoid bodies. The supernatant was gently removed, and then the embryoid bodies were suspended in neural differentiation medium and transferred to a 6 cm petri dish. The embryoid bodies in the 6 cm petri dish were seeded in each well of a Poly-D-Lysine/Laminine-coated 24-well plate treated with fibronectin/PBS(−) solution prepared as 5 μg/mL, so as to have 10 to 20 embryoid bodies per well, using a stereomicroscope. The culture was continued for further 5 days in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ or an incubator at 37° C., 5% CO₂, and 5% O₂. On day 10 from the start of differentiation, a neurite was observed under a phase-contrast microscope for some wells. Further, immunostaining was performed using an antibody to representative marker gene of neural differentiation, MAP2, and the presence or absence of a MAP2-positive cell was confirmed.

Example 8 Induction of ES Cell Differentiation into Osteoblasts

The ES-D3 cells were cultured while maintaining an undifferentiated state in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. The cells were dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA, and then the cells were suspended in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, and residual trypsin and serum were removed by centrifugation and suction of the supernatant. Thereafter, the cells were suspended again in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, and the number of cells was counted using a small amount of the cell solution. After counting, 2 mL of the cell suspension prepared so as to have a concentration of 1.0×10⁴ cells/mL was added to a 0.1% gelatin-coated 35 mm dish, and the culture was started in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. On day 4 from the start of culture, the dish was washed with PBS, and the medium was replaced with DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with 50 μg/ml ascorbic acid and β-glycerophosphoric acid at a concentration of 10 mM. Thereafter, the medium was replaced with a medium with the same composition every 2 to 3 days. The samples were collected on day 4, 10, 15 and 20 from the start of culture, and calcium deposition was detected by alizarin staining from some samples. On the other hand, after extracting Total RNA, for the genes specific to osteoblasts (Runx2, Osteoprotegerin, Osteopontin, and Collagen1a1), the relative expression levels were compared using ACTB as an internal standard, whereby the expression of specific gene could be confirmed.

Example 9 Analysis of Global Changes in Expression during Neural Differentiation

RNA was extracted from a total of 24 samples, at a total of 6 time points at day 0, day 2, day 4, day 6, day 8, and day 10 after differentiation induction (4 groups per day) using an RNeasy RNA extraction kit (QIAGEN) according to the method of Example 7. The concentration measurement with a RiboGreen RNA quantification kit (Invitrogen) and the quality confirmation of RNA degradation by electrophoresis were carried out for all the extracted RNA. Using RNA prepared as 4 μg based on the result of the concentration measurement, gene expression alteration profile data was exhaustively collected using a GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array (Affymetrix) and analyzed. As a specific analysis method, genes expression of which commonly alters in all groups at each time point were first extracted using Bioinformatics analysis software. Subsequently, expression pattern classification was sequentially performed to group the extracted genes. Basp1 gene, Cpe gene, DDR1 gene, Marcks gene, NDN gene, Nnat gene, Ptbp2 gene, Sfrp2 gene, Sox11 gene, Ttc3 gene, Tubb2b gene, Ubqln2 gene, Vim gene, Six3 gene, Arx gene, Dcx gene, L1cam gene, Emx2 gene, Wnt1 gene, Reln gene, and Pax6 gene that showed expression alteration at each day (day 2, day 4, day 6, day 8, and day 10) against day 0 were extracted as candidate genes.

Example 10

A method for analyzing alteration in the expression level of the candidate gene by quantitative PCR using embryotoxic and non-embryotoxic chemicals, to identify a marker gene will be described.

(Collection of Sample Contacted with Test Chemical on Induction of Neural Differentiation)

The ES-D3 cells were cultured while maintaining an undifferentiated state in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. The cells were dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA, and then the cells were suspended in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF. Thereafter, residual trypsin and serum were removed by centrifugation and suction of the supernatant, and the cells were suspended in neural differentiation medium comprising DMEM medium supplemented with 5% KSR (Invitrogen), 2 mM glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, and a nonessential amino acid solution. The number of cells was counted using a small amount of the cell solution, and thereafter, 10 mL of the cells were seeded in a 10 cm nonadherent petri dish at a cell density of 5×10⁵ cells/mL and cultured in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ or an incubator at 37° C., 5% CO₂, and 5% O₂. On day 3 from the start of differentiation, 10 mL of neural differentiation medium was added, and the suspension culture was continued for 2 days. On day 5 from the start of differentiation, all cells and culture solution were transferred to a centrifuging tube and allowed to stand at room temperature for 10 minutes, to precipitate embryoid bodies. The supernatant was gently removed, and then the embryoid bodies were suspended in neural differentiation medium and transferred to a 6 cm petri dish. The embryoid bodies in the 6 cm petri dish were seeded in each well of a Poly-D-Lysine/Laminine-coated 24-well plate treated with fibronectin/PBS(−) solution prepared as 5 μg/mL, so as to have 10 to 20 embryoid bodies per well, using a stereomicroscope. The culture was continued for further 5 days in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ or an incubator at 37° C., 5% CO₂, and 5% O₂. The series of differentiation induction described above was performed in a medium supplemented with a solvent control group, groups treated with an embryotoxic chemical (0.03 μg/mL 5-Fluorouracil, 4.0 μg/mL hydroxyurea, or 0.2 μg/mL methotrexate), and groups treated with a non-embryotoxic chemical (4,000 μg/mL saccharin sodium hydrate, 20 μg/mL ascorbic acid, 150 μg/mL isoniazide, 600 μg/mL penicillin G sodium salt, 50 μg/mL acrylamide, or 100 μg/mL D-(+)-camphor). 10 days of culture was performed replacing with a medium supplemented with a compound prepared again on day 3 and day 5 from the start of differentiation induction. On each day at day 1, day 2, day 3, day 4, day 5, day 6, day 7, day 8, day 9, and day 10 from the start of differentiation induction, 50 or more cells were mixed and defined as 1 group, and more than 4 groups of the cells were collected. The collected cells were dissolved in 100 μl of Trisol solution (Invitrogen) and stored at −80° C. The collected sample was subjected to RNA extraction according to the conventional method and then purified with an RNeasy mini kit (QIAGEN). On day 10 from the start of differentiation, a neurite was confirmed under a phase-contrast microscope for some wells.

Example 11 Expression Analysis of Candidate Genes by Quantitative PCR

The concentration of the RNA extracted in Example 10 was measured using a RiboGreen RNA quantification kit (Invitrogen), and RNA equivalent to 300 ng was reacted at 42° C. for 1 hour using oligo dT primer and reverse transcriptases of Superscript III RT (Invitrogen), to give cDNA of each day. 1 μL of the resulting cDNA, 1 μL of TaqMan probe, and 8 μL of TaqMan Fast Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) were mixed in a test tube for analysis and kept at 95° C. for 10 minutes. Thereafter, PCR was performed using a 7900HT Real-time PCR system under the reaction conditions repeating 40 cycles of a reaction of 95° C. for 10 seconds and 60° C. for 20 seconds. PCR was performed with 3 repetitions for each sample. As the TaqMan probe for each gene used for the analysis, Mm02344032_s1 for Basp1 gene, Mm00516341_m1 for Cpe gene, Mm01273494_g1 for DDR1 gene, Mm02524303_s1 for Marcks gene, Mm02524479_s1 for NDN gene, Mm00731416_s1 for Nnat gene, Mm00497922_m1 for Ptbp2 gene, Mm01213947_m1 for Sfrp2 gene, Mm01281943_s1 for Sox11 gene, Mm00493917_m1 for Ttc3 gene, Mm00849948_g1 for Tubb2b gene, Mm00834570_s1 for Ubqln2 gene, Mm00449201_m1 for Vim gene, Mm01237639 ml for Six3 gene, Mm00545903_m1 for Arx gene, Mm00438401_m1 for Dcx gene, Mm00493049_m1 for L1cam gene, Mm00550241_m1 for Emx2 gene, Mm00810320_s1 for Wnt1 heredity, Mm00465200_m1 for Reln gene, and Mm00443081_m1 for Pax6 gene (all manufactured by Applied Biosystems) were used. In addition, using 1 μL of Pre-developed TaqMan Assay Reagents capable of analyzing mouse β actin gene and 1 μL of cDNA, PCR was performed in the same manner using a 7900HT Real-time PCR system, to obtain a data of the endogenous control. In the data obtained by the analysis, the expression level of the marker gene on each day of the differentiation induction was divided by the expression level of mouse β actin gene on the same day, whereby the expression level of each marker gene was evaluated. The measurement date was determined as the day when the expression of each marker gene was the highest. As a result, as shown in FIGS. 31 to 51, Basp1 gene, Cpe gene, DDR1 gene, Marcks gene, NDN gene, Nnat gene, Ptbp2 gene, Sfrp2 gene, Sox11 gene, Ttc3 gene, Tubb2b gene, Ubqln2 gene, Vim gene, Six3 gene, Arx gene, Dcx gene, L1cam gene, Emx2 gene, Wnt1 gene, Reln gene, and Pax6 gene were strongly suppressed in the groups treated with embryotoxic chemicals as compared to the groups treated with non-embryotoxic chemicals and identified as marker genes.

Example 12

Hereinbelow, a method for assessing the embryotoxicity of a test chemical using Hand1-ES cells transformed with a vector containing a reporter gene under the control of promoter expression of hand1 gene will be described.

Hand1-ES cell line was cultured while maintaining an undifferentiated state in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF containing 100 μg/mL G418. The undifferentiated Hand1-ES cells were dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA, and thereafter, the cells were suspended in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum. Residual trypsin was removed by centrifugation and suction of the supernatant, and the cells were suspended in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum not containing LIF (hereinafter, medium for myocardial differentiation). Thereafter, the number of cells was counted using a small amount of the cell solution, and a cell suspension (medium for myocardial differentiation) was prepared so as to have a cell number of 15,000 cells/mL. The prepared cell suspensions were added with only solvent such as PBS(−) or DMSO as a solvent control or added with a test chemical prepared by diluting with solvent into several levels, and thereafter, each cell suspension was seeded in a nonadherent U-bottom 96-well plate in a volume of 50 μL, and the culture was performed for 3 days. On day 3, 50 μL of the medium for myocardial differentiation supplemented with the test chemical again prepared was added, and the suspension culture was continued for 3 days. On day 6, 100 μL of a luciferase luminescent reagent, Steady-Glo (Promega), was added to each well and shaken for 30 minutes, and thereafter, the total amount was transferred to a 96-well white plate, and the luciferase activity was measured with a TopCount NXT luminescence detection counter (Packard Japan). The obtained activity values were averaged and tallied for the solvent control group and every concentration of the test chemical.

In addition, using balb/c 3T3 cells cloneA31 obtained from ATCC (hereinafter, 3T3 cells), the effects of each test chemical on cell proliferation were evaluated by the following method. The 3T3 cells cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, penicillin and streptomycin (medium for 3T3) in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ were dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA, and thereafter, the cells were suspended in the medium for 3T3. Residual trypsin was removed by centrifugation and suction of the supernatant, and the cells were suspended in the medium for 3T3. Thereafter, the number of cells was counted using a small amount of the cell solution, and a cell suspension was prepared so as to have a cell number of 10,000 cells/mL. The prepared cell suspensions were added with only solvent such as PBS(−) or DMSO as a solvent control or added with a test chemical prepared by diluting with solvent into several levels. Thereafter, each cell suspension was seeded in a white 96-well plate for cell culture in a volume of 50 μL, and the culture was performed for 3 days. On day 3, 50 μL of the medium for 3T3 supplemented with the test chemical again prepared was added, and the culture was continued for 3 days. On day 6, the supernatant of each well was removed by suction, then, each well was supplemented with the solution in a CellTiter-Glo™ Luminescent Cell Viability Assay kit (Promega) and shaken for 30 minutes, and thereafter, the activity was measured with a TopCount NXT luminescence detection counter. 4 compounds (5-fluorouracil, hydroxyurea, dexamethasone, and 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine) in which in vivo embryotoxicity was positive and 2 compounds (ascorbic acid and acrylamide) in which in vivo embryotoxicity was negative were used as test chemicals. The activity values obtained from each test of the Hand1-ES cells and the 3T3 cells were averaged and tallied for the solvent control group and every concentration of the test chemical, and thereafter, a relative value of each concentration was calculated using the average value of the solvent control group as 100%. The results are shown in FIGS. 52 to 57.

As the effects of a chemical on a mother animal, the 50% inhibitory concentration for cell growth (IC₅₀) is measured using, for example, differentiated cells such as 3T3 cells, and as the effects of the chemical on a fetus, the 50% inhibitory concentration for differentiation (ID₅₀) is obtained from the measured value of the luciferase activity of the hand1-ES cells as the concentration that the 50% luciferase activity is inhibited. When the chemical has ID₅₀ smaller than IC₅₀, the chemical is considered to have stronger effect on a fetus as compared to on a mother animal, and it can be evaluated that the chemical has embryotoxicity. Regarding 4 compounds evaluated this time for which embryotoxicity is positive, the Hand1-ES ID₅₀ concentration and the 3T3 ID₅₀ concentration are each as follows: 5-fluorouracil (Hand1-ES ID₅₀: 0.02 μg/mL, 3T3 IC₅₀: 0.16 μg/mL), hydroxyurea (Hand1-ES ID₅₀: 2.5 μg/mL, 3T3 IC₅₀: 4.7 μg/mL), dexamethasone (Hand1-ES ID₅₀: 15.6 μg/mL, 3T3 IC₅₀: 36.7 μg/mL), and 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (Hand1-ES ID₅₀: 0.12 μg/mL, 3T3 IC₅₀: 0.80 μg/mL), and the relationship of ID₅₀<IC₅₀ is recognized. Therefore, the chemical is considered to have stronger effect on a fetus as compared to on a mother animal, and it can be assessed that the chemical has embryotoxicity. In addition, regarding ascorbic acid and acrylamide for which embryotoxicity is negative, the Hand1-ES ID₅₀ concentration and the 3T3 ID₅₀ concentration are each as follows: ascorbic acid (Hand1-ES ID₅₀: 28.3 μg/mL, 3T3 IC₅: 2.0 μg/mL) and acrylamide (Hand1-ES ID₅₀: 85.3 μg/mL, 3T3 IC₅₀: 54.0 μg/mL). Since ID₅₀ in Hand1-ES is larger than IC₅₀ in 3T3, it is considered to have less effect on a fetus as compared to on a mother animal, and it can be assessed that embryotoxicity is not shown. According to the process described above, it is possible to assess embryotoxicity of a test chemical in a shorter time and more simply than the conventional EST method.

Example 13

A method for determining the embryotoxicity of a test chemical by measurement of the expression level of Hand1 will be described. First, a sample contacted with a test chemical is collected according to the following method. The ES cells cultured while maintaining an undifferentiated state are dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA, and thereafter, the cells are suspended in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum. Residual trypsin is removed by centrifugation and suction of the supernatant, and the cells are suspended in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum not containing LIF (hereinafter, medium for myocardial differentiation). Thereafter, the number of cells is counted using a small amount of the cell solution, and a cell suspension (medium for myocardial differentiation) is prepared so as to have a cell number of 15,000 cells/mL. The prepared cell suspensions are added with only solvent such as PBS(−) or DMSO as a solvent control or added with a test chemical prepared by diluting with solvent into several levels, and thereafter, each cell suspension is seeded in a nonadherent U-bottom 96-well plate in a volume of 50 μL, and the culture is performed for 3 days. On day 3, 50 μL of the medium for myocardial differentiation supplemented with the test chemical again prepared is added, and the suspension culture is continued for 3 days. On day 6, the cells in each well were collected and dissolved in 100 μl of Trisol solution (Invitrogen) and stored at −80° C. The collected sample is subjected to RNA extraction according to the conventional method and then purified with an RNeasy mini kit (QIAGEN). The concentration of RNA is determined, and thereafter, RNA equivalent to 300 ng is reacted at 42° C. for 1 hour using oligo dT primer and reverse transcriptases of Superscript III RT (Invitrogen), to give cDNA of each day. 1 μL of the resulting cDNA, 1 μL of TaqMan probe for evaluating Hand1 gene (Mm00433931_m1), and 8 μL of TaqMan Fast Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) are mixed in a test tube for analysis and kept at 95° C. for 10 minutes. Thereafter, PCR was performed using a 7900HT Real-time PCR system under the reaction conditions repeating 40 cycles of a reaction of 95° C. for 10 seconds and 60° C. for 20 seconds. PCR was performed with 3 repetitions for each sample. As the TaqMan probe for each gene for the analysis, Mm00433931_m1 is used for Hand1 gene. In addition, using 1 μL of Pre-developed TaqMan Assay Reagents capable of analyzing mouse β actin gene and 1 μL of cDNA, PCR is performed in the same manner using a 7900HT Real-time PCR system, to obtain a data of the endogenous control. The expression level of the hand1 gene of each sample is divided by the expression level of mouse β actin gene of the same sample, thereby evaluating the change in the expression level of the hand1 gene of each sample.

In addition, using 3T3 cells obtained from ATCC, the effects of each test chemical on cell proliferation are evaluated. The 3T3 cells cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, penicillin and streptomycin (medium for 3T3) in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ are dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA, and thereafter, the cells are suspended in the medium for 3T3. Residual trypsin is removed by centrifugation and suction of the supernatant, and the cells are suspended in the medium for 3T3. Thereafter, the number of cells is counted using a small amount of the cell solution, and a cell suspension is prepared so as to have a cell number of 10,000 cells/mL. The prepared cell suspensions are added with only solvent such as PBS(−) or DMSO as a solvent control or added with a test chemical prepared by diluting with solvent into several levels, and thereafter, each cell suspension is seeded in a white 96-well plate for cell culture in a volume of 50 μL, and the culture is performed for 3 days. On day 3, 50 μL of the medium for 3T3 supplemented with the test chemical again prepared is added, and the culture is continued for 3 days. On day 6, the supernatant of each well is removed by suction, then, each well is supplemented with the solution in a CellTiter-Glo™ Luminescent Cell Viability Assay kit and shaken for 30 minutes, and thereafter, the activity is measured with a TopCount NXT luminescence detection counter. The relative expression levels of the Hand1 gene using real-time PCR and the activity values obtained from the test using the 3T3 cells are averaged and tallied for the solvent control group and every concentration of the test chemical, and thereafter, a relative value of each concentration is calculated using the average value of the solvent control group as 100%.

As the effects of a chemical on a mother animal, the 50% inhibitory concentration for cell growth (IC₅₀) is measured using, for example, differentiated cells such as 3T3 cells, and as the effects of the chemical on a fetus, the 50% inhibitory concentration for differentiation (ID₅₀) can be obtained as the concentration where 50% of the expression level of hand1 is inhibited. When the chemical has ID₅₀ smaller than IC₅₀, the chemical is considered to have stronger effect on a fetus as compared to on a mother animal, and it can be assessed that the chemical has embryotoxicity. Also, when ID₅₀ is larger than IC₅₀, it can be assessed that embryotoxicity is not shown.

Example 14

A method for determining embryotoxicity of a test chemical according to the method of measuring the expression level of a marker gene, Hand1, by flow cytometry or FACS. First, a sample contacted with a test chemical is collected according to the following method. The ES cells cultured while maintaining an undifferentiated state are dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA, and thereafter, the cells are suspended in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum. Residual trypsin is removed by centrifugation and suction of the supernatant, and the cells are suspended in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum not containing LIF (hereinafter, medium for myocardial differentiation). Thereafter, the number of cells is counted using a small amount of the cell solution, and a cell suspension (medium for myocardial differentiation) is prepared so as to have a cell number of 15,000 cells/mL. The prepared cell suspensions are added with only solvent such as PBS(−) or DMSO as a solvent control or added with a test chemical prepared by diluting with solvent into several levels, and thereafter, each cell suspension is seeded in a nonadherent U-bottom 96-well plate in a volume of 50 μL, and the culture is performed for 3 days. On day 3, 50 μL of the medium for myocardial differentiation supplemented with the test chemical again prepared is added, and the suspension culture is continued for 3 days. On day 6, the cells in each well are collected and dispersed using trypsin/EDTA solution, and thereafter, the cells are immobilized with a paraformaldehyde solution. The cells are permeabilized with Saponin solution or the like, and thereafter, blocking is performed with normal goat serum. Anti-hand1 antibody (Abcam pic.) or anti-eHAND (H-100) antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) recognizing Hand1 gene product (protein) are added thereto, and the mixture is reacted for several hours and then washed 3 times or so. Also, a labeled secondary antibody such as a fluorescent substance recognizing the primary antibody is allowed to react, and thereafter, the mixture was washed 3 times or so. In each sample obtained by the process described above, the positive cells expressing hand1 gene product (hereinafter, hand1 positive cells) are calculated by flow cytometry such as Epics Altra (Beckman Coulter).

In addition, using 3T3 cells obtained from ATCC, the effects of each test chemical on cell proliferation are evaluated. The 3T3 cells cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, penicillin and streptomycin (medium for 3T3) in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ are dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA, and thereafter, the cells are suspended in the medium for 3T3. Residual trypsin is removed by centrifugation and suction of the supernatant, and the cells are suspended in the medium for 3T3. Thereafter, the number of cells is counted using a small amount of the cell solution, and a cell suspension is prepared so as to have a cell number of 10,000 cells/mL. The prepared cell suspensions are added with only solvent such as PBS(−) or DMSO as a solvent control or added with a test chemical prepared by diluting with solvent into several levels, and thereafter, each cell suspension is seeded in a white 96-well plate for cell culture in a volume of 50 μL, and the culture is performed for 3 days. On day 3, 50 μL of the medium for 3T3 supplemented with the test chemical again prepared is added, and the culture is continued for 3 days. On day 6, the supernatant of each well is removed by suction, then, each well is supplemented with the solution in a CellTiter-Glo™ Luminescent Cell Viability Assay kit and shaken for 30 minutes, and thereafter, the activity is measured with a TopCount NXT luminescence detection counter. The number of Hand1 positive cells using flow cytometry and the activity values obtained from the test using the 3T3 cells are averaged and tallied for the solvent control group and every concentration of the test chemical, and thereafter, a relative value of each concentration is calculated using the average value of the solvent control group as 100%.

As the effects of a chemical on a mother animal, the 50% inhibitory concentration for cell growth (IC₅₀) is measured using, for example, differentiated cells such as 3T3 cells, and as the effects of the chemical on a fetus, the 50% inhibitory concentration for differentiation (ID₅₀) can be obtained as the concentration where 50% of the number of hand1 positive cells is inhibited. When the chemical has ID₅₀ smaller than IC₅₀, the chemical is considered to have stronger effect on a fetus as compared to on a mother animal, and it can be assessed that the chemical has embryotoxicity. Also, when ID₅₀ is larger than IC₅₀, it can be assessed that embryotoxicity is not shown.

Example 15

Hereinbelow, a method for preparing ES cells transformed with a vector containing a reporter gene under the control of promoter expression of a marker gene in the neural differentiation process will be described.

(Cloning of Promoter of Marker Gene and Preparation of Reporter Plasmid in Neural Differentiation Process)

A promoter region of each marker gene in the present invention is cloned by PCR using the primers as shown below.

When 5 kb of the promoter region of Ndn gene is amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 231 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 232 are used. 20 ng of genomic DNA extracted from ES-D3 cells and the each primer prepared as 10 μM are amplified by PCR method using Platinum Taq polymerase (Invitrogen). PCR reaction is performed with a GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (Applied Biosystems), using the reaction conditions of 95° C. for 5 minutes, followed by 30 cycles of 95° C. for 30 seconds, 55° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 7 minutes.

When 5 kb of the promoter region of Cpe gene is amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 233 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 234 are used.

When 5 kb of the promoter region of L1cam gene is amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 235 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 236 are used.

When 5 kb of the promoter region of L1cam gene is amplified, the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 237 and the primer depicted in SEQ ID NO: 238 are used.

Each PCR product is electrophoresed and then purified from the gel, and the purified DNA fragments are each subjected to the terminal phosphorylation reaction. Each fragment is digested using EcoR V, then linked using pGL4.17 [Luc2/Neo]vector (Promega) dephosphorylated with Alkaline phosphatase (TAKARA BIO INC.) and Ligation kit (TAKARA BIO INC.), transformed into DH5α competent cells (TAKARA BIO INC.) and cultured overnight in LB/ampicillin medium at 37° C. The appeared colonies are cultured in LB/ampicillin liquid medium, and plasmid DNA is extracted from the proliferated E. coli. The sequence of an insert fragment of the obtained plasmid DNA is determined, and the presence or absence of mutation or the like is confirmed. In order to use for transfection into ES cells, each plasmid is extracted again with an Qiafilter plasmid extraction kit (QIAGEN). 20 μg of the resulting plasmid DNA is digested with a suitable restriction enzyme and then purified to obtain linearized DNA.

(Method for Preparing Recombinant ES Cells of Marker Gene in Neural Differentiation Process)

The ES-D3 cells cultured while maintaining an undifferentiated state are dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA, and thereafter, 0.3×10⁵ cells are seeded in a 0.1% gelatin-coated 35 mm petri dish and cultured in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF. Thereafter, Opti-MEM medium, 4 μg of the linearized DNA, and 12 μL of Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) are mixed and allowed to react at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then the total amount is added to the cell culture.

After culturing in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ for 1 hour, the medium is replaced with DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF. After 12 hours, each cell is dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA and then seeded in a 0.1% gelatin-coated 10 cm petri dish using DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF containing 100 μg/mL G418 (Invitrogen), and drug selection culture is started. After 7 to 10 days, the ES cell colonies formed in the petri dish are isolated under a stereomicroscope and seeded in a 96-well plate, and drug selection culture is continued. With replacing the medium every 3 days, the cells proliferated after 7 to 10 days are subcultured and seeded in a 48-well plate, and drug selection culture is continued to obtain a drug-resistant stably-transformed cell line.

(Method for Selecting Cell Line)

The obtained cell line is cultured while maintaining an undifferentiated state in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF containing 100 μg/mL G418, and dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA. The cells are suspended in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, and thereafter, residual trypsin and serum are removed by centrifugation and suction of the supernatant, and the cells are suspended in neural differentiation medium comprising DMEM medium supplemented with 5% KSR (Invitrogen), 2 mM glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, and a nonessential amino acid solution. The number of cells is counted using a small amount of the cell solution, and thereafter, the cell suspension is prepared to a cell density of 5×10⁵ cells/mL and then seeded in a nonadherent U-bottom 96-well plate in a volume of 50 μL, and the culture is performed in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ or an incubator at 37° C., 5% CO₂, and 5% O₂ for 3 days. On day 3 from the start of differentiation, 50 μL of neural differentiation medium is added, and the suspension culture is continued. The embryoid bodies formed in the nonadherent U-bottom 96-well plate are seeded in each well of a Poly-D-Lysine/Laminine-coated 96-well plate treated with fibronectin/PBS(−) solution prepared as 5 μg/mL, and the induction of neural differentiation is continued for further 5 days in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ or an incubator at 37° C., 5% CO₂, and 5% O₂. For each of the cell lines, cells of 24 wells or more are collected every 2 days for 10 days and defined as 1 sample. Then, RNA extraction is carried out according to the conventional method, and the extracted RNA is thereafter purified with an RNaeasy mini kit (QIAGEN). The RNA concentration is measured using a RiboGreen kit (Invitrogen), and thereafter, RNA equivalent to 1 μg is reacted at 42° C. for 1 hour using oligo dT primer and reverse transcriptases of Superscript III RT (Invitrogen) to synthesize cDNA. For samples at day 0, day 2, day 4, day 6, day 8, and day 10 of each of the cell lines, PCR is performed using a primer pair capable of amplifying Luc2 gene (5′-agtagtggcagtaccggat-3′ and 5′-ctcgtgcaagttgcttagg-3′) and ExTaq polymerase (TAKARA BIO INC.), and thereafter, gel electrophoresis of the PCR product is performed. Also, the expression levels of each marker gene and β actin gene are compared, and a cell line that induces the expression of Luc2 gene with differentiation induction is selected. Furthermore, measurement of the luciferase activity of the selected cell line after differentiation induction is performed as follows. First, the cell line is cultured according to the method for inducing neural differentiation described above, and thereafter, on each day from day 6 to day 10 from the start of differentiation induction, 50 μL of a luciferase luminescent reagent, Steady-Glo, is added to each well of a 96-well plate. After shaking for 30 minutes, the luciferase activity is measured with a TopCount NXT luminescence detection counter (Packard Japan). The ES cells that agree in the luciferase activity and the expression pattern of the endogenous marker gene of the ES cells transformed with a vector containing a reporter gene under the control of promoter expression of a marker gene in the neural differentiation process are selected, and each cell line is named as Ndn-ES cell, Cpe-ES cell, L1cam-ES cell, and Pax6-ES cell.

Example 16

Hereinbelow, a method for assessing embryotoxicity of a test chemical using Ndn-ES cells, Cpe-ES cells, L1cam-ES cells and Pax6-ES cells transformed with a vector containing a reporter gene under the control of promoter expression of a marker gene in the neural differentiation process will be described. Each cell line is cultured while maintaining an undifferentiated state in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum supplemented with LIF containing 100 μg/mL G418, and then dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA. The cells are suspended in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, and thereafter, residual trypsin and serum are removed by centrifugation and suction of the supernatant, and the cells are suspended in neural differentiation medium comprising DMEM medium supplemented with 5% KSR (Invitrogen), 2 mM glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, and a nonessential amino acid solution. The number of cells is counted using a small amount of the cell solution, and thereafter, the cell suspension is prepared to a cell density of 5×10⁵ cells/mL. The prepared cell suspensions are added with only solvent such as PBS(−) or DMSO as a solvent control or added with a test chemical prepared by diluting with solvent into several levels, and thereafter, each cell suspension is seeded in a nonadherent U-bottom 96-well plate in a volume of 50 μL, and the culture is performed in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ or an incubator at 37° C., 5% CO₂, and 5% O₂ for 3 days. On day 3 from the start of differentiation, 50 μL of neural differentiation medium is added, and the suspension culture is continued. The embryoid bodies formed in the nonadherent U-bottom 96-well plate are seeded in each well of a Poly-D-Lysine/Laminine-coated 96-well plate treated with fibronectin/PBS(−) solution prepared as 5 μg/mL, and the induction of neural differentiation is continued for further 5 days in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ or an incubator at 37° C., 5% CO₂, and 5% O₂. On day 8 to 10 from the start of differentiation induction, 100 μL of a luciferase luminescent reagent, Steady-Glo (Promega), is added to each well and shaken for 30 minutes, and thereafter, the total amount is transferred to a 96-well white plate, and the luciferase activity is measured with a TopCount NXT luminescence detection counter (Packard Japan). The obtained activity values are averaged and tallied for the solvent control group and every concentration of the test chemical.

In addition, using 3T3 cells cloneA31 obtained from ATCC (hereinafter, 3T3 cells), the effects of each test chemical on cell proliferation are evaluated. The 3T3 cells cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, penicillin and streptomycin (medium for 3T3) in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ are dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA, and thereafter, the cells are suspended in the medium for 3T3. Residual trypsin is removed by centrifugation and suction of the supernatant, and the cells are suspended in the medium for 3T3. Thereafter, the number of cells is counted using a small amount of the cell solution, and a cell suspension is prepared so as to have a cell number of 10,000 cells/mL. The prepared cell suspensions are added with only solvent such as PBS(−) or DMSO as a solvent control or added with a test chemical prepared by diluting with solvent into several levels, and thereafter, each cell suspension is seeded in a white 96-well plate for cell culture in a volume of 50 μL, and the culture is performed for 3 days. On day 3, 50 μL of the medium for 3T3 supplemented with the test chemical again prepared is added, and the culture is continued for 3 days. On day 8 to 10 from the start of differentiation induction, the supernatant of each well is removed by suction, then, each well is supplemented with the solution in a CellTiter-Glo™ Luminescent Cell Viability Assay kit (Promega) and shaken for 30 minutes, and thereafter, the activity is measured with a TopCount NXT luminescence detection counter. The activity values obtained from the each test of Ndn-ES cells, Cpe-ES cells, L1cam-ES cells, Pax6-ES cells, and the 3T3 cells are averaged and tallied for the solvent control group and every concentration of the test chemical, and thereafter, a relative value of each concentration is calculated using the average value of the solvent control group as 100%.

As the effects of a chemical on a mother animal, the 50% inhibitory concentration for cell growth (IC₅₀) is measured using, for example, a differentiated cell such as 3T3 cells, and as the effects of the chemical on a fetus, the 50% inhibitory concentration for differentiation (ID₅₀) is obtained from the measured values of the luciferase activities of the Ndn-ES cells, Cpe-ES cells, L1cam-ES cells, and Pax6-ES as the concentration that the 50% luciferase activity is inhibited. When the chemical has ID₅₀<IC₅₀, the chemical is considered to have stronger effect on a fetus as compared to on a mother animal, and it can be assessed that the chemical has embryotoxicity. According to the process described above, it is possible to assess embryotoxicity of a test chemical during the neural differentiation.

Example 17

A method for determining embryotoxicity of a test chemical by measurement of the expression level of a marker gene in the neural differentiation process will be described. First, a sample contacted with a test chemical is collected according to the following method. The ES cells cultured while maintaining an undifferentiated state are dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA. The cells are suspended in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, and thereafter, residual trypsin and serum are removed by centrifugation and suction of the supernatant, and the cells are suspended in neural differentiation medium comprising DMEM medium supplemented with 5% KSR (Invitrogen), 2 mM glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, and a nonessential amino acid solution. The number of cells is counted using a small amount of the cell solution, and thereafter, the cell suspension is prepared to a cell density of 5×10⁵ cells/mL. The prepared cell suspensions are added with only solvent such as PBS(−) or DMSO as a solvent control or added with a test chemical prepared by diluting with solvent into several levels, and thereafter, each cell suspension is seeded in a nonadherent U-bottom 96-well plate in a volume of 50 μL, and the culture is performed in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ or an incubator at 37° C., 5% CO₂, and 5% O₂ for 3 days. On day 3 from the start of differentiation, 50 μL of neural differentiation medium is added, and the suspension culture is continued. The embryoid bodies formed in the nonadherent U-bottom 96-well plate are seeded in each well of a Poly-D-Lysine/Laminine-coated 96-well plate treated with fibronectin/PBS(−) solution prepared as 5 μg/mL, and the induction of neural differentiation is continued for further 5 days in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ or an incubator at 37° C., 5% CO₂, and 5% O₂. On day 8 to 10, the cells in each well are collected and dissolved in 100 μl of Trisol solution (Invitrogen) and stored at −80° C. The collected sample is subjected to RNA extraction according to the conventional method and then purified with an RNeasy mini kit (QIAGEN). The concentration of RNA is determined, and thereafter, RNA equivalent to 300 ng is reacted at 42° C. for 1 hour using oligo dT primer and reverse transcriptases of Superscript III RT (Invitrogen) to give cDNA of each day. 1 μL of the resulting cDNA, 1 μL of TaqMan probe, and 8 μL of TaqMan Fast Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) are mixed in a test tube for analysis and kept at 95° C. for 10 minutes. Thereafter, PCR is performed using a 7900HT Real-time PCR system under the reaction conditions repeating 40 cycles of a reaction of 95° C. for 10 seconds and 60° C. for 20 seconds. PCR is performed with 3 repetitions for each sample. As the TaqMan probe for each gene for the analysis, the probe described in Example 11 is used. In addition, using 1 μL of Pre-developed TaqMan Assay Reagents capable of analyzing mouse β actin gene and 1 μL of cDNA, PCR is performed in the same manner using a 7900HT Real-time PCR system, to obtain a data of the endogenous control. In the data obtained by the analysis, the expression level of the marker gene of each sample is divided by the expression level of mouse β actin gene of the same sample, thereby evaluating the change in the expression level of the marker gene of each sample.

In addition, using 3T3 cells obtained from ATCC, the effects of each test chemical on cell proliferation are evaluated. The 3T3 cells cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, penicillin and streptomycin (medium for 3T3) in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ are dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA, and thereafter, the cells are suspended in the medium for 3T3. Residual trypsin is removed by centrifugation and suction of the supernatant, and the cells are suspended in the medium for 3T3. Thereafter, the number of cells is counted using a small amount of the cell solution, and a cell suspension is prepared so as to have a cell number of 10,000 cells/mL. The prepared cell suspensions are added with only solvent such as PBS(−) or DMSO as a solvent control or added with a test chemical prepared by diluting with solvent into several levels, and thereafter, each cell suspension is seeded in a white 96-well plate for cell culture in a volume of 50 μL, and the culture is performed for 3 days. On day 3, 50 μL of the medium for 3T3 supplemented with the test chemical again prepared is added, and the culture is continued for 3 days. On day 8 to 10, the supernatant of each well is removed by suction, then, each well is supplemented with the solution in a CellTiter-Glo™ Luminescent Cell Viability Assay kit and shaken for 30 minutes, and thereafter, the activity is measured with a TopCount NXT luminescence detection counter. The relative expression levels of the marker gene using real-time PCR and the activity values obtained from the test using the 3T3 cells are averaged and tallied for the solvent control group and every concentration of the test chemical, and thereafter, a relative value of each concentration is calculated using the average value of the solvent control group as 100%.

As the effects of a chemical on a mother animal, the 50% inhibitory concentration for cell growth (IC₅₀) is measured using, for example, differentiated cells such as 3T3 cells, and as the effects of the chemical on a fetus, the 50% inhibitory concentration for differentiation (ID₅₀) can be obtained as the concentration where 50% of the expression level of a marker gene is inhibited. When the chemical has ID₅₀<IC₅₀, the chemical is considered to have stronger effect on a fetus as compared to on a mother animal, and it can be assessed that the chemical has embryotoxicity. Also, when ID₅₀>IC₅₀, it can be assessed that embryotoxicity is not shown. According to the process described above, it is possible to assess embryotoxicity of a test chemical during the neural differentiation.

Example 18

A method for determining embryotoxicity of a test chemical according to the method of measuring the expression level of a marker gene in the neural differentiation process by flow cytometry or FACS will be described. First, a sample contacted with a test chemical is collected according to the following method. The ES cells cultured while maintaining an undifferentiated state are dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA. The cells are suspended in DMEM medium containing 15% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, and thereafter, residual trypsin and serum are removed by centrifugation and suction of the supernatant, and the cells are suspended in neural differentiation medium comprising DMEM medium supplemented with 5% KSR (Invitrogen), 2 mM glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, and a nonessential amino acid solution. The number of cells is counted using a small amount of the cell solution, and thereafter, the cell suspension is prepared to a cell density of 5×10⁵ cells/mL. The prepared cell suspensions are added with only solvent such as PBS(−) or DMSO as a solvent control or added with a test chemical prepared by diluting with solvent into several levels, and thereafter, each cell suspension is seeded in a nonadherent U-bottom 96-well plate in a volume of 50 μl, and the culture is performed in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ or an incubator at 37° C., 5% CO₂, and 5% O₂ for 3 days. On day 3 from the start of differentiation, 50 μL of neural differentiation medium is added, and the suspension culture is continued. The embryoid bodies formed in the nonadherent U-bottom 96-well plate are seeded in each well of a Poly-D-Lysine/Laminine-coated 96-well plate treated with fibronectin/PBS(−) solution prepared as 5 μg/mL, and the induction of neural differentiation is continued for further 5 days in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ or an incubator at 37° C., 5% CO₂, and 5% O₂. On day 8 to 10 from differentiation induction, the cells in each well are collected and dispersed using trypsin/EDTA solution, and thereafter, the cells are immobilized with a paraformaldehyde solution. The cells are permeabilized with Saponin solution or the like, and thereafter, blocking is performed with normal goat serum. Antibody recognizing a gene product (protein) of each marker gene is added thereto, and the mixture is reacted for several hours and then washed 3 times or so. As the antibody, for example, anti-necdin antibody (Abcam pic.), anti-Cpe antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), anti-L1CAM antibody (Abcam pic.), anti-Pax6 antibody (Abcam pic.), and the like are used as a primary antibody. Also, a labeled secondary antibody such as a fluorescent substance or the like recognizing the primary antibody is reacted and then washed 3 times or so. In each sample obtained by the process described above, the positive cells expressing each marker gene product (hereinafter, marker gene product positive cells) are calculated by flow cytometry such as Epics Altra (Beckman Coulter).

In addition, using 3T3 cells obtained from ATCC, the effects of each test chemical on cell proliferation are evaluated. The 3T3 cells cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, penicillin and streptomycin (medium for 3T3) in an incubator at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ are dispersed using 0.25% trypsin/1 mM EDTA, and thereafter, the cells are suspended in the medium for 3T3. Residual trypsin is removed by centrifugation and suction of the supernatant, and the cells are suspended in the medium for 3T3. Thereafter, the number of cells is counted using a small amount of the cell solution, and a cell suspension is prepared so as to have a cell number of 10,000 cells/mL. The prepared cell suspensions are added with only solvent such as PBS(−) or DMSO as a solvent control or added with a test chemical prepared by diluting with solvent into several levels, and thereafter, each cell suspension is seeded in a white 96-well plate for cell culture in a volume of 50 μL, and the culture is performed for 3 days. On day 3, 50 μL of the medium for 3T3 supplemented with the test chemical again prepared is added, and the culture is continued for 3 days. On day 8 to 10, the supernatant of each well is removed by suction, then, each well is supplemented with the solution in a CellTiter-Glo™ Luminescent Cell Viability Assay kit and shaken for 30 minutes, and thereafter, the activity is measured with a TopCount NXT luminescence detection counter. The number of the marker gene product positive cells using flow cytometry and the activity values obtained from the test using the 3T3 cells are averaged and tallied for the solvent control group and every concentration of the test chemical, and thereafter a relative value of each concentration is calculated using the average value of the solvent control group as 100%.

As the effects of a chemical on a mother animal, the 50% inhibitory concentration for cell growth (IC₅₀) is measured using, for example, differentiated cells such as 3T3 cells, and as the effects of the chemical on a fetus, the 50% inhibitory concentration for differentiation (ID₅₀) can be obtained as the concentration where 50% of the number of the marker gene product positive cells is inhibited. When the chemical has ID₅₀<IC₅₀, the chemical is considered to have stronger effect on a fetus as compared to on a mother animal, and it can be assessed that the chemical has embryotoxicity. Also, when ID₅₀>IC₅₀, it can be assessed that embryotoxicity is not shown. According to the process described above, it is possible to assess embryotoxicity of a test chemical during the neural differentiation.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

According to the present invention, it becomes possible to provide a simple and versatile testing method for embryotoxicity of chemicals.

Free Text in Sequence Listing SEQ ID NO:79

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1. A method for assessing embryotoxicity of a chemical comprising: (1) a first step of measuring the expression level of one or more genes selected from among genes each comprising any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 and 101 to 230 and orthologous genes thereof in a sample from a non-human mammal or mammalian cell which has come into contact with a test chemical; and (2) a second step of comparing the measured value of the expression level of the gene in the sample obtained in the first step with a control value of the expression level of the gene and based on the difference assessing the level of the embryotoxicity of the test chemical in the sample.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the sample is a stem cell, an embryonic stem cell, a cardiac tissue cell, a brain tissue cell, a neural tissue cell, a muscle tissue cell, a skeletal tissue cell, a pregnant non-human animal or a non-human unborn child.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein measuring the expression level of the gene is couducted by measuring the amount of transcription product or the amount of translation product.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the control value of the expression level of the gene is a measured value for the expression level of the gene in a sample from a non-human mammal or mammalian cell which has not come into contact with the test chemical.
 5. A method for screening a chemical having embryotoxicity comprising a step of selecting a chemical having a specified level of embryotoxicity based on the level of the embryotoxicity of a chemical assessed by the method of claim
 1. 6. A method for obtaining a marker gene for assessing embryotoxicity of a chemical comprising: (1) a step A of measuring the expression level of a gene comprising any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 and 101 to 230 in a specific tissue cell that has come into contact with a test chemical during differentiation of a stem cell into the tissue cell; (2) a step B of comparing the measured value of the expression level of the gene in the step A with a control value of the expression level of the gene and based on the difference, identifying another gene which shows alteration in the expression level specific to a contact with the test chemical; and (3) a step C of obtaining the gene identified in the step B.
 7. A method for obtaining a marker gene for assessing embryotoxicity of a chemical comprising: (1) a step A of measuring alteration during differentiation in the expression of a gene that comprises any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 and 101 to 230 during differentiation of a stem cell into a specific tissue cell and identifying a gene with altered expression; (2) a step B of measuring the expression level of the gene identified in the step A in the tissue cell which has come into contact with a test chemical; and (3) a step C of comparing the measured value of the expression level of the gene in the step B with a control value of the expression level of the gene and based on the difference, identifying and obtaining another gene that shows alteration specific to the test chemical.
 8. A method for using one or more genes selected from among genes each comprising any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 78 and 101 to 230 and orthologous genes thereof as a marker gene for assessing embryotoxicity of a chemical in the method of claim
 1. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the gene is Hand1 gene, ADAM19 gene, Cmya1 gene, Pitx2 gene, Smyd1 gene, Pim2 gene, Tbx20 gene, Myl4 gene, Myl7 gene, Hbb-bh1 gene, Hba-a1 gene, Col1a2 gene, Hba-x gene, Basp1 gene, Cpe gene, DDR1 gene, Marcks gene, NDN gene, Nnat gene, Ptbp2 gene, Sfrp gene, Sox11 gene, Ttc3 gene, Tubb2b gene, Ubqln2 gene, Vim gene, Six3 gene, Arx gene, Dcx gene, L1cam gene, Emx2 gene, Wnt1 gene, Reln gene, or Pax6 gene.
 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the expression level of the gene is measured using as an indicator the expression level of a reporter gene that comprises a promoter sequence of the gene and a reporter protein coding sequence operably linked to the promoter sequence.
 11. A nucleic acid construct comprising a reporter gene that comprises a promoter sequence of the gene defined in claim 9 and a reporter protein coding sequence operably linked to the promoter sequence.
 12. A vector comprising the nucleic acid construct of claim
 11. 13. A transformant in which the nucleic acid construct of claim 11 has been introduced into a host cell.
 14. The transformant according to claim 13, wherein the host cell is an animal cell.
 15. The transformant according to claim 13, wherein the host cell is a stem cell.
 16. The transformant according to claim 13, wherein the host cell is an embryonic stem cell.
 17. A method for producing a transformant comprising introducing the nucleic acid construct of claim 11 into a host cell.
 18. Use of the transformant of claim 13 for the method for assessing embryotoxicity of a chemical.
 19. A genetically-modified non-human animal in which the nucleic acid construct of claim 11 has been introduced.
 20. Use of the genetically-modified non-human animal of claim 19 for the method for assessing embryotoxicity of a chemical. 